Syriac 2

東シリア語・東シリア文字の入門を兼ねて、 Juliana Jendo のアルファベットの歌を少しずつ学んだ（2013年2月17日から4月14日）。 アルファベットの歌を覚えると文字の順番が分かるので、辞書を引くときなどに便利だ。 平行して、動詞の変化の基本なども少し研究した。 この頃には、シリア語のキーボード（フォネティック配列）にもだいぶ慣れた。 これが終わったら、西シリア語と平行してアムハラ語（セム語で文字も同系統）の勉強を始めようかと思い、ある程度準備もしていたが、 それは先送りにして実際にはラテン語の復習を始めた。

CAL; Dic; Dic2; Dic3; Jessie (IA) | TUS; Wiki; Map; Map2 | Alan; Qărăhbăš (1|2); Nöldeke

Ālap Bēt: The Final Two Lines

2013-04-14

*1 ? Possibly ܬܲܡܵܡ (tŭmâm) “completely, altogether” (Ar. تمام), but maybe not.

• 2016-11-23 Probably this means, “Come, you guys!” Macl. Gr. §46, p. 120: “ܐܵܬܹܐ to come O.S. […] Imperative: ܬܵܐ U. J.: ܬܹܐܡܘܼܢ (Zlama second sound) U.” The Zlama second sound means [e(ː)], as opposed to the first sound [i(ː)] (Macl. Gr. §5). Macl. Dict. 314: ܬܵܐ tâ, I. OS., imp. of ܐܵܬܹܐ to come […] The pl. is ܬܹܐܡܘܼܢ témûn U. […] tâmûn, -ûkh Sal. Q.”: where é means [e] as in French né. So here, she is probably using a dialect of Urmi, or possible that of Salamas or Qudshanis (Quchanis); while the next word hāwẙwāḥ is in the Tkhuma dialect (the Urmi version is dû(y)wāḥ, the Q. version is hāwḥā). Although in 2013 I wrote [tʰɛːmʊn], I now think this one is more like [tʰe(ː)mʊn], possibly slightly wider, but definitely not quite [ɛ].

*2 Perhaps related to ܗܘܵܐ. Cf. Qochanis**: ܗܵܘܚܵܐ hāwḥāʾ = Urmiah: ܕܘܼܝ݇ܘܵܚ dūẙwāḥ “here we are”; Al Qosh ܗܘܿܠܲܢ holăn “here we are”

**Qochanis is called Qudshanis (Q) in Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Synac, belonging to the Northern group. Its dialect is Northern Assyrian, as opposed to Urmi Assyrian. Today the place is called Konak, located in the Hakkâri Province of Turkey.

• 2016-11-22 Macl. Gr. §29 (16): “Here he is and the like are expressed differently in different districts. […] Tkh. [=Tkhuma] […] ܗܵܘܝܘܵܚ (ܝ silent).” This may be the expression used here: hāwwāḥ /hʌwwʌχ/, where /(i)wʌχ/ = “we”

*3 Soft k is here: Kap is always aspirated word-finally (Alan 104).

† 2013-08-12: = Classic Syriac ܒܓ̥ܰܘ. Dictionary of the Dialects 45: ܓܵܘ gô U[rmia]. J[ilu]. Sp. [Sipurghan/Soporgān] Al[qosh]. as OS., or ܓܘܿ gû K[urdistan]. Sal[amas]. Sp. Az[erbaijani Jews, meaning in this case NW Persian Jews, i.e. Lishán Didán (trg) and Hulaulá (huy)]. and rarely U. [...] in (local); into [...]; within [...] But in Al. Ash. ܓܵܘ‎ = ܒ and is not only local, also by, by menas of

BTW: Juliana Jendo is from Tal Tamer, near Al-Hasakah, NE Syria. So geographically her dialect could be West Syriac (tru), but Ethnologue shows the area as an “isolated island” of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (aii).

*4 ܐܳܬܘܽܬܳܐ “a letter of the alphabet”, pl. ܐܳܬܘܴ̈ܬܳܐ. Or in Madnhaya, ܐܵܬ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ and ܐܵܬ݂ܘ̈ܵܬ݂ܵܐ. It is not very clear how many of those Tăw’s are soft, but in the singular form, the first Taw is supposed to be soft (R1.2: Soft after a syllable-ending ā), and the second Taw is too (R3.2). For the plural form, the first Taw is soft thanks to R2.3 (Soft when closing a word-initial syllable); the second Taw is also soft, again by R1.2. In short, all of the four Taw’s are soft. Note that ܐܳܬܳܐ “a sign” has the same pl. form.

About the plural form of ʾāθūθāʾ, see Alan 65 (8). The plural form of a word ending in ܬܵܐ like this one is created by giving a Zqāphā ‏◌ܵ to the letter preceding the Tăw, while making the second preceding letter vowelless. An example is, ܡܲܠܟܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ “kingdom”, and ܡܲܠܟ̈ܘܵܬ݂ܵܐ “kingdoms”.

*5 In theory, this should be ʃĭṭrāntēʾ or something, because it’s supposed to be feminine; in reality, the normal (masculine) plural form is used here. /ʃ/ may sound somewhat like [ʂ] here.

** In the intro, ܐܵܬ݂ܘ̈ܵܬ݂ܲܢ is pronounced like [ɑtwɑːtɛn(ɪ)], while here it’s more like [ɑtwɑːtɐn], where the difference between [ɑ] and [ɐ] is not very clear.

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Shīn and Tăw

2013-04-07

*1 Urmiah. The singular form is ܫܲܥܪ. According to the subtitles, the actual word is plural, which I don't know how to spell.

*2 Alan says ܬܵܘ, but it is ܬܲܘ‎. ܐܶܢܳܐ ܐܳܠܰܦ݂ ܘܶܐܢܳܐ ܬ݁ܰܘ “I am Olaph and Thau” (Rev. 22:13)

*3 īBā is soft (R1.4): tašˁīṯā.

• 2012-12-15 – 2013-01 Thaana
• 2013-01-18 – 2013-04 Syriac
• 2014-04 ... Amharic and more Syriac (tru)
• 2014-05? ... Malayalam

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Qōp and Rēsh

2013-04-05

*1 Urmiah: ܩܵܪ݇ܢܵܐ; again an additional -nā. Cf. ܩܲܪܢܵܢܵܐ “horned”.

*2 Perhaps the plural of ܪܹܝܚܵܢܵܐ “fragrant”.

am-Ethi: [amh] Amharic

»Amharic Road to Ethiopia - Camino a Etiopia: My journey to Ethiopian culture | Amharic A400

Type: language
Subtag: am
Description: Amharic
Added: 2005-10-16
Suppress-Script: Ethi

2013-08-09

am: [amh] A language of Ethiopia. 21,600,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 14,750,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 21,811,560. 4,000,000 L2 speakers.

ti: [tir] Tigrinya/Tigrigna, A language of Ethiopia, 4,320,000 in Ethiopia (2007 census). 2,820,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 6,915,000. Tigrigna Online

Type: language
Subtag: ti
Description: Tigrinya
Added: 2005-10-16
Suppress-Script: Ethi

[tig] Tigré, 1,050,000 in Eritrea (2006), increasing. A language of Eritrea. Also in Sudan.

[stv] Silt'e, 935,000 (2007 census). A language of Ethiopia. Wolane [wle] is similar.

• Eastern Semitic: Akkadian
• Central Semitic: Aramaic, Hebrew; Arabic
• Southern Semitic: Ethiopean; South Arabian
  • North Ethiopian: Geez [gez], Tigré [tig], Tigrigna [tir]
  • South Ethiopian: Amharic [amh], Silt’e [stv], Wolane [wle]

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Pē and Ṣādhē

2013-04-04

*1 Sg. in the subs; prob. Pl.

*2 Urmiah: ܦܲܥܘܵܐ; I don’t know where the additional -nā came from.

*3 Eastern Syriac: ܡܨܲܠܝܵܢܵܐ

** Soft after a syllable-ending ā (R1.2).

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Hē, Waw, Zain, Ḥēth

2013-04-03

*1 Urmiah: ܘܵܠܝܵܝܵܐ

*2 Wāw is often written Waw, as if Wăw.

** Possibly [hɛ̞men.tɑː] — the first vowel is wider than [e], but not quite [ɛ], while the second vowel is basically [e], though it may be centralized. hăm(m)ānθāʾ if classic (R3.3), but this is Urmiah (aii).

*** wālyuθāʾ if classic (R3.2), but this is Urmiah (aii).

¶ Possibly narrower than [ɛː]. Actually, this sounds like [ɛ̞ːɛ], that is, the mouth is opened wider while you are saying ‘eh’.

* B in CuBā is usually hard, possibly doubled (Q2.2): ḥubbā.

** t is soft in -utā (R3.2): ḥērūṯā.

Active Participle: Plural

2013-04-02

*1 Alan 130 has ܐ݇ܢܬܘܿܢ‎, ܐ݇ܢܬܹ݁ܝܢ‎ for ܐܲܢ݇ܬܘܿܢ‎, ܐܲܢ݇ܬܹ݁ܝܢ‎, respectively (cf. Alan 90); these must be typos.

*2 Alan 91 says ܚܢܲܢ (we) becomes ܚ݇ܢܲܢ after a plural -n. In Prin. 43 (The principles of Syriac grammar, by Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann & B[enjamin] Harris Cowper, page 43, §91), the ܚ is not marked silent. However, Prin. 33 does say: ܚܢܰܢ as a verb subst. frequently rejects ܚ, and coalesces with the previous word. Even when ܚܢܰܢ is written separately after a p[articiple], many drop the ܚ in pronunciation. (Sidenote: The Internet Archive version of Prin. is much higher-quality than Google’s.)

*3 According to Prin. 43, the short form is ܟܳܬ݂ܒܻܝܢܰܢ, that is ܟܵܬ݂ܒܝܼܢܲܢ, for both 1 m. pl and 1 f. pl.

The part. and pron. form a true present: ܝܳܗܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܳܐ [yāhex ʾånāʾ] ‘I am giving.’ We have already shown that the pret. [preterite] and imperf. are similarly expressed, generally by means of ܗܘܳܐ ‘he was’; ‘they were eating’, ܐܰܟܠܻܝܢ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ [ʾăxlīn h̊wăw (sic, not h̊wāw)].

Prin. 117 (§211, 4)

Active Participle: Singular

2013-04-01

¹ Soft after a syllable ending ā (R1.2).
² Soft when closing a word-initial syllable (R2.3): one could also say that originally this was an open syllable θə.

Alan 130. Nöldeke 165.

The Part. act. Peal, has ā after the 1st rad., and e after the 2nd, which falls away without a trace, when it comes into an open syllable (§106): sg. m. ܩܳܛܶܠ [qāṭel]; sg. f. ܩܳܛܠܴܐ [qāṭlāʾ]; pl. m. ܩܳܛܠܻܝܢ [qāṭlīn]; pl. f. ܩܴ̈ܛܠܴܢ [q̈āṭlān].

Nöld. 106

The usual form of the Act. Part. of the simple stem of the verb has e after the 2nd: ܪܴܚܶܡ [rāḥem] “loving”; ܪܴܚܡܳܐ [rāḥmāʾ], ܪܴܚ̈ܡܺܝܢ [rāḥmīn—Seyame sic], ܪ̈ܳܚܡܶܐ [rāḥmeʾ—what is this form?], &c.

See also: The Principles of Syriac Grammar, p. 43 (91.) It has a good table like Alan’s, in Serto.

The Verb hwāʾ (to be / être): Future (or Imperfect)

2013-03-31

*1 “nihiwyan” (Alan 129). *2 “tihiwyan”.

Rarely, a shorter form without w is used (Nöldeke 183): ܢܗܶܐ‎ [ܢܗܸܐ‎], ܬܗܶܐ‎ [ܬܗܸܐ‎], etc.

The Verb hwāʾ (to be / être): Past (or Perfect)

2013-03-30

* One dot (Rukkāxā) is shown below the Tau, not the feminine mark (ܗܘܵܬ݀ ?), in Alan 129 (+ 3fp.gif); cf. Nöldeke 183 (8).

† Alan has a Syām̈ē originally.

Another Bug in TUS: Combining (MINUS SIGN vs. MACRON) Below

2013-03-29

Sheva sign, or “Half-Zlama” sign (Alan 41; Nöldeke 12, 17). Only rarely used.

• When both the second and third letters of a noun or a verb have no vowels, a small line may be placed under or above the third letter to denote that the second letter is to be pronounced with a Half-Zlama vowel (working like a furtive pataḥ in Hebrew).
• ܡܲܕܢ̱ܚܵܐ or ܡܲܕܢ݈ܚܵܐ măðənḥāʾ “east”
• ܡܲܫܬ̄ܝܵܐ or ܡܲܫܬ݇ܝܵܐ măʃətyāʾ “banquet”
• Generally, if the third letter is “vowel-ish” (y, w; ʔ, ʕ, h; r, l, n, m), the line is placed under it (mhăgyānāʾ: Prin. 21b Mehagyono); otherwise above the letter (mărh́ṭānāʾ [mărəhṭ-]: Prin. 21a Marhetono). But there are exceptions.
• A line above ʔ (a), h, l, n, [and ḥ as in ḥ̊năn] on the other hand, means it is silent (ḥupāyāʾ: Prin. 21c linea occultans; Oro. 20: TĂLKANA).
  ܐ̄ܢܵܫܵܐ or ܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܐ ånāʃāʾ “a man”: Cf. Hebrew אֱנוֹשׁ ʾĕnōʃ
• BTW: TUS Table 8-12 has U+0320 [ ̠ ] COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW, where it should be U+0331 [ ̱ ] COMBINING MACRON BELOW.

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Mīm, Nūn, Sĭmkăth, and ʕē

2013-03-28

ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܵܐ (Eastern Syriac): generally, d is soft (R2.3), though it may be hard in this case since it’s an Arabic word (مَدْرَسَة). Also, ܡܲܕܪܸܫܬܵܐ (Urmiah). [ʃ] might be [ʂ]-ish here, unlike in lĭʃānēʾ. Maybe this is like [mad.ɾɛ.ʃ(ᵊ)tɔ] ??

* When the word does not have a Rēsh, the second preference for the Syām̈ē may be a Dālath (Alan 40). The plural of sāhdāʾ is actually written this way (Alan 63). Dālath + Syām̈ē can be slightly confusing, because it looks like Rēsh + Syām̈ē except it has an additional dot below. Since Dalath + Syame is not a ligature, you don’t need to worry about Normalization.

Note 1: However, the Syame is on Hē in J. Payne Smith: ܣܳܗ̈ܕܶܐ.

Note 2: Apparently, d is soft: sāhd̠ā. This is like R1.2 (Ṭāʋā), except that the first syllable is closed with -h.

The Syriac name of the letter is ʿĒ but apparently it is called ʿAy(i)n here, like Arabic or Hebrew.

Eastern Syriac: ܥܲܝܒܵܐ, also ܥܲܝܡܵܐ; Urmiah: ܥܲܝܒ݂ܵܐ. For some reason, it has -t in this song. Cf. Arabic غَيْمَةٌ

Alan 52: The final one of his 5 Lessons on Quʃʃāyā vs. Rukkāxā

2013-03-27

R3.1 Dēʾʋā Type A consonant (bgdkpt) is soft after ēʾ or ēy.

R3.2 Ţăybūθā Type A word final -uθāʾ is soft.

R3.3 Tbăʕθā Type A word final -ăCθāʾ is soft.

¹ k is also soft (R2.3). ² b is also soft (R2.3).

Ālap Bēt: Lines for Kāph and Lāmadh

2013-03-27

* If typed normally and normalized (Rēsh + ē + Syām̈ē), any font (East Syriac Adiabene/East Syriac Ctesiphon/ES Nohadra) does not show the ligature right (ܟܵܡܲܬܪܹ̈ܐ). The non-normalized version (ܟܵܡܲܬܪܹ̈ܐ) appears to be auto-normalized on Firefox (but not on MSIE). As a work around, this one is Rēsh + Syām̈ē + ZWJ + ē.

ܟܵܡܲܬܪܵܐ (m) une poire, s'écrit aussi ܟܵܡܸܬܪܵܐ en soureth oriental et en Al Qosh.

** Normally, ܟܲܪܡܵܐ pl. ܟܲܪ̈ܡܹܐ. Not sure why it has 'n'.

* ܥ following ‏◌ܸ, lengthens it into ‏◌ܹ (Oro. 17) i.e. /eː/; here it sounds like [aː].

Juliana Jendo’s Ālap Bēt: Lines for Ṭēth and Yōdh

2013-03-26

After ṭ the vowel e sounds narrower, more constrained, than the normal [e], somewhat like [ɪ], or perhaps like [ø]. On the other hand, nē in ṭur̈ānēʾ sounds like [nɪ] though it is still a kind of [ne].

* ܛܽܘܪ‎ ṭur, ܛܽܘܪܳܐ‎ ṭurōʾ pl. ܛܽܘܪ̈ܺܝܢ‎ ṭur̈īn, ܛܽܘܪ̈ܶܐ‎ ṭur̈ēʾ m. a mountain (Smith 170). Urmiah : ܒܢܲܝ ܛܘܼܪ̈ܵܢܹܐ : mountaineers of Hakkari (ܛܘܼܪܵܐ): mountains? mountaineers?

** ā may be pronounced [ɔ(ː)] after r (Oro 16). However, the same does not happen in rā in ṭur̈ānēʾ. It might be somewhat like [rɒː], but more like [rɑː], and certainly not like [nɔː].

* Singular: ܝܘܼܬ݂ܪܵܢܵܐ. The subtitle says “advantage” but this should be plural.

Also, though the subtitle says “student”, the second word appears to be “study”.

2013-03-25

R2.2 Ărnʋā Type — Soft after two consonants. Perhaps like ā.ʋ / ī.ʋ ?

* Gr. σμάραγδος /zmáraɡdos/

R2.2a For the purpose of this clause, ܐ‎, ܘ‎, or ܝ‎ is not considered as a consonant.

R2.3 ʃăʋrā Type — Soft when closing a word-initial syllable. In general, when ܒ &c is vowelless, standing second, and is preceded by a letter that has a vowel.

This rule explains why d is soft in ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ (măðnḥāyāʾ).

2013-03-24

Word-final «Tăw^* + Ālăᵽ» Ligature: (1) after a left-connecting character, usually like ܒܬܐ‎; (2) otherwise generally like ܕܬܐ‎ (although, there seems to exist a non-right-joining form of the ligature). Note also that the non-ligature form of (1) is forced by ZWJ (ܒܬ‍ܐ‎), and not by ZWNJ (ܒܬ‌ܐ‎ = WRONG).

* Alan calls it “ܬܵܘ” but it is ܬܰܘ (or ܬܰܐܘ) that is ܬܲܘ (Smith 601).

Alan 51: ܪܘܼܟܵܟ݂ܵܐ Rukkāxāʾ Part 2

R2.1 Pθāḥā Type — Ḇ in CḆV is soft: that is, the second consonant of a syllable-starting consonant cluster is soft. [Perhaps only when followed by ā. See rtēyθāʾ (R3.1), sbărθāʾ & tbăʕθāʾ (R3.3).]

Syllable-starting Bā is soft after o or ī

2013-03-23

A Bɣăð-kpāθ [bghadh-kphath] consonant (ܒ &c) is soft when it is a syllable-starting phoneme followed by ā, if the previous syllable ends in o or ī. In other words, a bghadh is soft after a syllable-ending o or ī, if the following vowel is ā.

R1.3 Māloxā Type — Ḇ in -oḆā is soft: that is, a syllable-starting ܒ etc. is soft after ܘܿ (Ruʋāṣā) and before ‏◌ܵ (Zqāphā).

*1 t is also soft due to R1.2. *2 b is also soft due to R1.2. *3 k is also soft due to R1.2.

R1.4 Ṣlīʋā Type — Ḇ in īḆā is also soft: that is, a syllable-starting ܒ etc. is soft after ܝܼ (Ḥʋāṣā) and before ‏◌ܵ (Zqāphā).

*1 b is hard word-initially (Q1.1). *2 b is soft, the second of initial two consonants (R2.1). *3 B in ăBī is usually hard, often doubled (Q1.2).

2013-03-22

R1.2 Ṭāʋā Type — Ḇ in -āḆV is soft: that is, a syllable-starting ܒ etc. is soft after ‏◌ܵ (Zqāphā). Soft after a syllable-ending ā.

This rule explains why ph in Zqāphā is soft, even though this word is pronounced as Z̥qāpā in East Syriac. Also: Rukkāxā.

R1.2.1 (Comment): The same may happen even when there is an -h closing the first syllable, as in: sāhd̠ā.

2013-03-21

Alan 50: ܪܘܼܟܵܟ݂ܵܐ Rukkāxāʾ Part 1

x in Rukkāxā - soft after a syllable-ending ā (R1.2).

R1.1 Kuθmā Type — Ḇ in uḆC is soft: that is, a syllable-closing (=vowelless) ܒ etc. is soft after ܘܼ.

2013-03-19

#2984 (SSA subs with \frx and \fry tags) – Media Player Classic - Home Cinema; SSA subtitles: Fix outline background with \frx or \fry tags. · 0a5d45e · mpc-hc/mpc-hc · GitHub

Alan 49: ܩܘܼܫܵܝܵܐ Quʃʃāyāʾ Part 2

Q2.1 Ĭbbā Type B in CĭBā: Hard after ĭ, when followed by ā (often doubled too). Bā is hard after ĭ.

Q2.2 Ḥubbā Type B in CuBā: Usually hard after u, when followed by ā (possibly doubled too). Also, Bā is usually hard after u.

Q2.2a Exceptions (soft B in CuBā):

*1 b in ăbbu is hard. This is like ăbbā / ăbbī (Q1.2) but undocumented.

Note: Unlike ā vs. ă or ī vs. ĭ, ū vs. ŭ is only informative, based on Sureth dictionary by Association Assyrophile de France.

Q2.3 Mălkā Type B in CăCBā is hard.

Q2.3a Exceptions (soft B in CăCBā)

* A leather flask used by soldiers or travellers to carry water.

2013-03-18

Alan 48: ܩܘܼܫܵܝܵܐ Quʃʃāyāʾ Part 1

Q1.1 Hard word-initially.

*1 B in ăCBā is also hard (Q2.3 Mălkā Type). *2 2nd of a consonant cluster is soft (R2.1); B in āBā is soft (R1.2 Ṭāʋā Type).

** ă (only in an open syllable?) may be pronounced like ā before r or ʕ (Alan 45). Perhaps not here.

Q1.2 Ăkkārā Type Let B be a bgad-kpat consonant. B in ăBā or ăBī is usually hard and doubled (ăBBā / ăBBī). In other words, B is usually hard if preceded by ă and followed by ā or ī. ăB is hard if followed b ā or ī.

* Notice the special (A_fx) form of Alaph, following Dalath/Rish.

Q1.2a B in {Alaph + Bā/Bī} may be soft (but see ʾăkkārāʾ above).

Q1.3 Qyāmtā Type t is hard in {a closed syllable -āC} + t.

*1 Soft after a syllable-ending ā (R1.2). *2 A syllable-closing (=vowelless) B is soft after u (R1.1). *3 The second of a consonant cluster is soft (R2.1).

2013-03-17

The enclitic form of ܚܢܲܢ‎ — ܚ݇ܢܲܢ‎ — is used only after the word ending in the plural n (Alan 91); not here (Alan 92).

• aii: /hɑːrkɑː χnæn/
• tru: /hoːrkoː ħnæn/

ZQAPHA (Z̥qāp̱āʾ): /ɑː/ is an open back vowel, as in a in psalm (Alan 27)—or, more simply, in palm. PTHAHA (Pθāḥāʾ): for it we use /æ/ since Alan calls it a in fat (28), but it may be also written as /a/, as in Northern English. That is, a (near-)open front vowel.

As in the following examples, the pronouns ܗܸܢ̣ܘܿܢ and ܗܸܢܹܝܢ lose h- when used as a copula.

2013-03-15

A Compendious Syriac Dictionary: Founded upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R[obert] Payne Smith, D.D. Edited by J[essie] Payne [Margoliouth née] Smith (Oxford, 1908)

https://ia600401.us.archive.org/29/items/ACompendiousSyriacDictionary/ACompendiousSyriacDictionary_text.pdf (145 MiB)

The above PDF is searchable.

More examples of pronouns used like a copula verb (often enclitics)

2013-03-14

♰ West Syriac: A word ending in -ōʾ (with a Z̥qāp(h)āʾ — or rather a Z(ə)qōfōʾ) is pronounced as -ăʾ (with a Pθāḥāʾ — or rather a Pθōxōʾ), when followed by ܗ݇ܘ (East: ܗ݇ܘ̣).

Another example:
ܕܰܟ݂ܝܳܐ dăxyōʾ (clean) — but:
ܕܰܟ݂ܝܰܐ ܗ݇ܘ dăxyăʾ h́w (He is clean)

Note: In the original (Alan 92), ܕܰܟ݂ܝܳܐ is written like ܕܰܒ݂ܝܳܐ — perhaps an exmaple of Bēth–Kōf confusion.

http://web.archive.org/web/20060227023854im_/http://www.assyrianlanguage.com/Level_Four/04_images_01/01_dakhya_w.gif

http://web.archive.org/web/20060227024034im_/http://www.assyrianlanguage.com/Level_Four/04_images_01/01_dakhya2_w.gif

♱ East Syriac: A word ending in -āʾ (Z̥qāphāʾ) or -ēʾ (Zlāmāʾ Qăʃyāʾ) is pronounced as -ăʾ (Pθāḥāʾ), when followed by ܗ݇‌ܝ̣.

ܗܵܕܹܐ hāðēʾ (this f.) → ܗܵܕܲܐ ܗ݇‌ܝ̣ hāðăʾ h́ỵ

ܛܵܒ݂ܵܐ ṭāʋāʾ (good m.) → ܛܵܒܲܐ ܗ݇‍ܝ̣ ṭāʋăʾ h́ỵ

2013-03-13

* ܗ̇ (instead of Alaph), with a dot-above: Nöldeke §6 says, we must note the employment of ܗ̇ almost without exception to signify the suffix of the 3rd pers. fem. sing. Also see Alan 96. The SyrCOM Meltho Fonts (melthoguide.doc) also states that one should use this dot (U+0307) on the feminine he ending. This dot is essentially redundant if vowels are explicitly marked (-ēh, “his” vs. -āh, “her”). Obviously, this suffix means her as in the earth’s. Though it feels somewhat redundant when we explicitly have d-ʾărʕāʾ, this is how it is in Syriac. See: Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Matthew 5:13'. This h is not silent, but practically inaudible.

** ʾĭnnon is the encl. form of hĭn(n)on (3m pl), but used for 2m pl as well.

*** ʕ may be dropped in E-Syriac. ă (only in an open syllable?) may be pronounced like ā before r or ʕ (Alan 45) — perhaps not here.

2013-03-12

The singular pronoun of the 3rd person is often used even when the subject is 1st or 2nd person. The expression ܐܲܢ݇ܬܘܼ is ܐܲܢ݇ܬ (you, m.) plus ܗ݇ܘ̣ (is, m. encl).

2013-03-11

The enclitic form of ܚܢܲܢ‎ — ܚ݇ܢܲܢ‎ — is used only after the word ending in the plural n (Alan 91). In the above example, we have the m. pl. form, yāðʿīn, of an active participle, yāðēʿ yāḏăʕ; this plus the encl. (1m pl) could be written as one word: ܝܵܕܥܝܼܢܲܢ, yāðʕīnăn (Alan 130), where the two n’s in yāðʕīn + ḥ́năn being merged into one.^(a) Originally in 91, there is a dot-above between Dālaθ and ʕē, whose function is unclear (implying a schwa between those two consonants? or implying that the word-final n is slent and to be read as one word with the following enclitic?).??? Perhaps to mark the present tense (cf. melthoguide; Nöldeke 6).^(b) Also, Rukkāxāʾ is explicit for Dālaθ.

^(a) Nöldeke §64: Enclitic forms of the 1st and 2nd pers. often coalesce with participles and, —though more rarely,—with adjectives; in such cases marked transformations occasionally occur. In particular in the plural, the first portion [i. e. the participle] loses its final n, while the second [the pronoun] loses its ḥ or a(n).
ܩܳܛܠܺܝܢܱܢ qōṭlīnăn (we are killing)
or written separately, though pronounced in exactly the same way:
ܩܳܛܠܺܝܢ ܚܢܱܢ (qōṭqīn̊ ḥ̊năn)

ܐܵܙܹ̇ܠ also has a dot-above (of unknown function) over Zăyn. Meaning “Read together with the following enclitic,” maybe??? Perhaps to mark the present tense (cf. melthoguide; Nöldeke 6).^(b)

^(b) 2013-12-03: One dot is placed over all active participles to distinguish them from orthographically similar forms, as ܟ̇ܬܒ kāṯeḇ ‘writing’ versus ܟܬ̣ܒ kṯaḇ ‘he wrote.’ These dots may occur anywhere in the word. (Thackston, xxii)

2013-03-10

The enclitic ܗ݇ܘ̣ (h́ẉ) has a dot-below, as opposed to a Rʋāṣā — ܗ݇ܘܼ (h́u).

2013-03-09

*1 This word has U+0324 [ ̤ ] COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW, which indicates that 'h' is not silent. *2 This word has U+0307 [ ̇ ] COMBINING DOT ABOVE, which seems to indicate that the 'h' is read as a vowel (o if followed by w, e if followed by y). *3 This word seems to have U+0323 [ ̣ ] COMBINING DOT BELOW under the first 'n', possibly meaning it's not doubled (???)

* Quʃʃāyāʾ/Rukkāxāʾ is usually not marked for a word-final Kap, because it is always soft anyway (except in -ăyk where the k is hard). - Alan 104.

2013-03-08

Impf. of Q-Ṭ-L

2013-03-06

† Unlike Pf. 2f pl, Impf. 2f pl. has syām̈ēʾ originally (Gr. §168). They are placed over the 3rd Plur. fem. of the perfect tense and the 3rd and 2nd Plur. fem. of the imperfect tense of the verb. (Alan 40).

Exmaple

2013-03-05

“The rocks will become bread.” (from Matthew 4:3 - And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.) Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Matthew 4:3'

ܟܹ̈ܐܦܸܐ ܢܸܗܘܝܵܢ ܠܲܚܡܵܐ

kēp(h)i (?) ni-hwyān laḥmā

ܟ݁ܺܐܦ݂ܶܐ ܢܶܗܘܝܳܢ ܠܰܚܡܳܐ

ki(ᵓ)phē nehwəyān laḥmā

ܟܹܐܦܵܐ kēpa f. stone. ܗܘܐ to be. Future 3f pl ^*ni-hwʾān > ni-hwyān

2013-03-04 Impf.

An easy way to memorize the paradigm for ܢܸܟ݂ܬܘܿܒ݂ in 4 steps :)

1. Start with the three easiest forms: ܢܸܟ݂ܬܘܿܒ݂‎, ܬܸܟ݂ܬܘܿܒ݂‎, ܐܸܟ݂ܬܘܿܒ݂‎. They are basically ti/ni/i + khtow. Just remember: I am I (i-khtow); we like him (1 pl = 3m sg); and boy, you like her (2m sg = 3f sg). This already covers 50% (5) of the 10 forms.
2. Tackle the harder parts by first memorizing the 2f sg form ܬܸܟ݂ܬܒ݂ܝܼܢ (ti-khtʋīn). It's ti-khtoʋ (2m sg) minus O plus ĪN.
3. You can get 2m pl / 2f pl just by replacing the final vowel of this ܬܸܟ݂ܬܒ݂ܝܼܢ.
4. Then, you can get 3m pl / 3f pl just by replacing the ti- with ni-.

• Single (except 2f) AND 1 pl = -ikhtow, with O after the 2nd letter of the root.
• Plural (except 1 pl) AND 2f sg = -ikhtw + ȗn/īn/ān, where the 2nd letter of the root is vowelless. 2m/3m pl. has -ȗn; 2f/3f pl. has -ān; 2f sg. has -īn. (* Here ī means ḥʋāṣā (YOD + ..), as opposed to Zlāmā pshīqā (..); ȗ means a possibly long u. Allan used "oon" when he wrote "nikhtwoon" and "tikhtwoon" while he used "un" when he wrote "kthâwun".)
• Only 1 sg starts with i-.
• 2nd person forms (both sg. and pl.) start with ti-.
• 3f sg = 2m sg: also starting with ti-.
• Other forms start with ni-, including 1 pl (=3m sg).

2013-03-03 Pf. in Serto

Madnhaya ܒ vs. ܟܟ‍ vs. Serto ܒ vs. ܟܟ‍ = confusing! The thing is, the Serto version of BETH looks like the Madnhaya version of KAPH.

Gr. p. 3:
soft ܓ = γ (gh) is nearly the Dutch g (like the Arabic غ) [the voiced velar fricative [ɣ]]
soft ܟ‍‏ = kh, or the German ch in ach (not that in ich) [the voiceless velar fricative [x] (not palatal [ç]); note that this is not the uvular fricative [χ], which the author calls “Swiss ch”]

Gr. p. 4:
ܙ = ẕ is a soft s as in chosen, German s in Rose, French [s] in choisir or French z in zéro. [[z] in IPA]
ܚ = ḥ is quite a foreign sound to us, an h rattled in the throat (Arabic ح) [i.e. the pharyngeal fricative /ħ/; possibly epiglottal fricative [ʜ]]. The East-Syrians pronounce it as a very hard Swiss ch (Arabic خ) [the uvular fricative [χ]].
ܥ = ʿ is a guttural breathing, again quite foreign to us, which is formed by a peculiar compression of the upper part of the windpipe [voiced pharyngeal fricative /ʕ/; possibly epiglottal approximant [ʢ]]. It is nearly related to ܚ [voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/], and even to the Spiritus lenis (ܐ) [glottal stop /ʔ/]. Those who render it by the latter sound will make the least considerable mistakes. Wer ihn wie letzteren spricht, macht immer noch den geringsten Fehler. (I think what the author is saying is that although /ʕ/ sounds somewhat like /ħ/ and /ʔ/, it's still a mistake to confuse them, though not a major error at all.)

Lat. velum = sail, veil. Lat. uva = grape. Gr. φάρυγξ, φάρυγγος = windpipe, throat.

*1 The East-Syrians pronounce it as a very hard Swiss ch (Arabic خ) (Nöldeke); It is somewhat harsher than the Scottish and North German ch. Has two pronunciations, actually both are common. People from the plain of Nineveh [cld] use a pronunciation which is midway between h and the ordinary kh [the sound he denotes by h: — maybe [ħ] ? Or does he mean a milder version of the ordinary Assirian [χ] that is x~χ ?]. (Alan Lesson 8) “In Lesson 8, you learned that letter Khéith has two sounds and both are acceptable.” (Les 69) Probably he means: ḵ=[x], ḥ=[χ] or [ħ], and ḵ can be [χ] too. [See L81]

You can hear this uvular [χ] sound in Juliana Jendo’s Ālap Bēt, when she sings ḥā lĭʃānā (one language). It sounds pretty clear.

*2 Syriac Turoyo ܐܰܪܥܳܐ [arʕo] 'earth (planet)' ʕ is often not pronounced in Eastern Syriac varieties Voiced pharyngeal fricative; This letter is difficult to pronounce. It has a deeper sound, during pronunciation the flow of breath is usually compressed low down in the throat. It unusually falls and constantly interchanged with letter Alap. (Alan, Les. 16)

*3 kh, or the German ch (Alan, Les. 42) Kap, in vernacular is never aspirated (Alan, Lesson 125); ܚ cannot be distinguished in pronunciation from ܟ݂‍‏. Their equivalent nearly is found in the German ch (Bach). (Oro. p. 10)

*4 Its major phonetic feature is the loss of the voiceless velar fricative x, which has become a voiceless pharyngeal fricative, ħ. The original voiceless pharyngeal fricative has retained that pronunciation. In all the other dialects of eastern Neo-Aramaic the opposite is true: the voiceless pharyngeal fricative has been lost and merged with the voiceless velar fricative. (Hértevin language)

*5 gh, nearly the Dutch g (Alan, 42); the sound of gh (the Persian غ [[ɣ] / [ɢ]]), and is perhaps more deeply guttural than ܟ݂‍‏, which seems to a beginner to resemble it. (Oro. 10).

My first Syriac calligraphy :) - using MS Paint with a regular mouse.

2013-03-02

ܟܬܲܒ݂ /kθæʋ/, “he wrote” and ܟܸܬ݂ܒܹ݁ܬ݂ /kɪθbeːθ/, “I wrote”.

Aramaic and Syriac handwriting (Estrangela, not Madnhaya)

Examples: ܟܬܒ kthaw (to write)

[1 sg] 2Corinthians 2:4 I wrote unto you with many tears ܟ݁ܶܬ݂ܒ݁ܶܬ݂ kėthbēth

[1 pl] Acts 21:25 we have written and concluded ܟ݁ܬ݂ܰܒ݂ܢ kthawn

[3m sg] Mark 10:5 he wrote you this precept ܟ݁ܬ݂ܰܒ݂ kthaw

[3m pl] Acts 15:23 And they wrote letters ܘܰܟ݂ܬ݂ܰܒ݂ܘ wa-khthaw(w)

Examples: ܢܦܠ nfal (to fall)

[1 sg] Revelation 1:17 I fell at his feet ܢܶܦ݂ܠܶܬ݂ neflēth.

[2m pl] Galatians 5:4 from grace you have fallen ܢܦ݂ܰܠܬ݁ܽܘܢ nfalton

[3m pl] Matthew 17:6 when the disciples heard, they fell upon their faces ܢܦ݂ܰܠܘ nfal(w)

[3f sg] Mark 5:33. she fell before him ܢܶܦ݂ܠܰܬ݂ neflath.

[3f pl] Revelation 16:19 the cities (f) fell ܢܦ݂ܰܠܝ nfal(y) - W-Syr.

2013-03-01

ܚܙܵܐ to see (^*ḥzaʾa > ḥzā). ܫܩܵܠܵܐ to take, to get.

Review

ܟܬܒ‎ (ܟܬܲܒ݂) kṯaʋ

ܟܬܒܬ‎ (ܟܸܬ݂ܒܹ݁ܬ݂) kiṯbēṯ

2013-02-28

rt. ܢܦܠ to fall.

min: n is doubled by the ĭ vowel ([ɛ]-[ɪ]: Z'lāmā p'shīqā = easy/simple/smooth oppression). The other Zlama (ē) is Z'lāmā qashyā (hard/dense/heavy). Those two names have been switched in Oro. Their Unicode names are DOTTED ZLAMA HORIZONTAL and DOTTED ZLAMA ANGULAR, respectively. Zlama pshiqa is an open (i.e. less close) I, short, relaxed. Almost like an English I, less tense, maybe. Zlama qashya is a narrow E, semi-long, tense.

-ēh: suffix 3m sg.

ܘܠܐ to fit; to become

2013-02-27

† no seyame originally (Gr. §168). Alan says that sᵊyām̈ē are placed over the 3rd Plur. fem. of the perfect tense and the 3rd and 2nd Plur. fem. of the imperfect tense of the verb. in Lesson 40, with which Nöldeke’s table agrees too. However, Alan also says in Lessons 123 that Syamé are placed over the 3rd and 2nd Plur. fem. of the perfect tense and the 3rd and 2nd Plur. fem. of the imperfect tense of the verb. Probably, 2f pl. gets syām̈ē in Impf. but NOT in Pf.

‡ Western Syriac.

Perfect: The 1st letter of the rt. is hard; the 2nd letter of the rt. is soft; the 3rd letter of the rt. is usually soft, except 1 sg and 3f sg. The "soft" stem is KTHaW; the "hard" stem is KiTHB;

• Soft Stems:
  • 3rd person forms are: KTHaW itself:
    • 3m sg: KTHaW
    • 3m pl is KTHaW̥ too, with a silent -w.
    • 3f pl is K̈THaW too, with a seyame.
  • 2nd person forms have: -t -ton -tên
    • 2m sg is KTHaW-t.
    • 2f sg is KTHaW-ț too, but with an additional silent -y.
    • 2m pl is KTHaW-ton.
    • 2f pl is KTHaW-tên.
  • 1st person pl. has -n
    • 1 pl is KTHaW-n.
• Hard Stems:
  • 3f sg. and 1 sg. have a strong consonant as its 3rd letter.
    • 3f sg KiTHB-ath
    • 1 sg KiTHB-ēth

2013-02-26

*1 ܘ is silent. *2 Feminine dot (U+0740, Shift+Y): East: ܬ݀ / West: ܬ݀‎. *3 West. ܝ is silent. *4 ܝ is silent. With Taw-Yudh liga. (East only) ܟܬܲܒ݂ܬܝ. For silent letters see also: Gr. §50. See also §158.

b is hard after a closed syllabale: kithbath (3 f sg) / kithbēth (1 sg)

sg: kthaw - kithbath - kthawt - kithbēth

#1 More commonly, the short form of the 3f.pl does not have a seyame, as long as it is identical to the 3m.sg [Nöld. §16B, §168; See also Healey’s paradigms; Mura. also agrees at least superficially in his Paradigms, which however are inconclusive since he says, The seyame has also been omitted from some fem. pl. forms for the sake of clearer presentation.]. The long form with -ēn might be older. The “fancy y” form is W-Syr. Thus we have ܟܬ̥ܰܒ (or W-Syr. ܟ̈ܬ̥ܰܒܝ̱), and ܟܬ̥ܰܒܶܝ̈ܢ.

ܬܐ = ‍ܬܐ

2013-02-21

When a consonant has a vowel and is preceded by Pthāḥā, that consonant is doubled; ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ is an exception (alāhā, not allāhā). [Lv2L45] Plus, this Pthāḥā sounds like Zqāpā (cf. Oro. p. 13).

2013-02-19

* ܐܝܼܬ݂ ܠܲܢ ʾīθ lăn = we have (Alan 105). The original text has this as IK-LA but perhaps it should be IT-LA (???); the song sounds like IT-LA too.

ܐܵܬ݂ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ āṯūṯā f. letter; pl. ܐܵܬ݂ܘ̈ܵܬ݂ܵܐ āṯwāṯā

ܐܲܢܹܐ 'these' f. m. * P'tahha has generally the sound of short and close a. In the great majority of cases, when a consonant follows it (excepting ܐ ܗ ܥ, and cases specified on pp. 10, 11), which has a vowel of its own, that consonant is doubled in pronunciation, e.g. ܐܲܢܹܐ, these... (Oro. p.12)
In some situations a single consonant is pronounced as if it was written twice, without placing any sign to indicate that. When a consonant has a vowel and is preceded by Pthakha. Also, When a consonant has a vowel and is preceded by Zlama Psheeq:a. (Alan Lv2 L45)

ܝ݇ܢܵܐ (ܝܼܢܵܐ)    (they) are; Oro. p. 28

• 2016-11-24
  1. ܐܲܢܹܐ anî U. Ti. [Upper Ṭiari], or ܐܲܢܵܐ anâ Ash. [Lower Ṭiari] Tkh., m. f. “these” sometimes “they”
  2. ܝܼܠܲܝܗܢ îlé (oxytone) K. [sic] J. Al. Ash. or […] ܝܼܢܵܐ înâ U. Q. Sal. Sp. or ܝܼܢܹܝ înî Tkh. “they are” (Macl. Dic. 120): “The point under Yudh usually drops if a vowel sound precedes, with or without ܐ, and the Yudh coalesces, as ܐܢܵܫܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ nâshé lî, he is a man, Gram. 95 [sic; should be 75]; so in other persons” (Macl. Dic. 119; Gr. §29 Notes 2, p. 75)
  3. So, ʾannî (I write double-n) + înâ = [æn.neː.nɑː] ([e] is narrow but it is [e], not [ɪ])
  4. ʾatwāt-ē (pl.) takes the same suffix -aynī as if in sing. “These are our letters.”

2013-02-17

Juliana Jendo - Alap Beet

ܐܵܠܲܦ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪ ܝܸܡܲܢܝܼ (ܝܸܡܲܢ)
ܒܹܝܬ݂ ܒܹܝܬ݂ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܐܲܬ݂ܪܲܢܝܼ (ܐܲܬ݂ܪܲܢ)

ܝܸܡܵܐ yimmā = ܐܸܡܵܐ immā. ‏ـܲ‍ܢ -an = 'our'

Note ܐܲܬ݂ܪܵܐ 'country'; in athran, the first 'a' sounds like ŭ [ʌ], while the second 'a' sounds like ă [æ]. See syriac_oroomiah p. 13.

Postscript

2016-11-05

In addition to [Stod. Gr.] aka [Oro] D. T. Stoddard (1853), Grammar of the Modern Syriac Language, as spoken in Oroomiah, Persia and in Koordistan, the following is useful: [Macl. Gr.] Arthur John Maclean (1895), Grammar of the Dialects of Verbacular Syriac as Soken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia, and the Plain of Mosul… [uni-halle.de]. Also: P. J[acques] Rhétoré (1912): Grammaire de la langue soureth, ou chaldéen vulgaire selon le dialecte de la plaine de Mossoul et des pays adjacents [uni-bonn.de][archive.org]

2016-11-08 Also [uni-frankfurt.de] has many good books. I just happened to find Marshall/Turner (1929), Manual of the Aramaic language of the Palestinian Talmud.

Macl. Gr. says:

• §6 (1): Before a silent letter a short vowel is lengthened. Hence ܚܲܕ݇ (khâ) “one”.
• §11: The OS suffix -an “our” can be -an or -ayn or -aynī in K. U. Z. [Kurdistan (Ashiret districts), Urmi, Zakhu Jews]

2016-11-07

K. (Kurdistan: Ashiret districts) means today’s Hakkari area, Turkey, minus Qudshanis/Gawer/Jilu. The principal village in the districts was Ashitha, near Iraqi border.

Macl. Dict. has:

• ܝܸܡܵܐ yimâ = OS. TA. [Ṭur ˁAbdin, i.e. tru] ܐܸܡܵܐ
• ܐܲܬܪܵܐ “country” is ŭtrâ U., ŭthrâ K.; ŭ is as in but, i.e. [ʌ~ə].

Juliana Jendo uses a hard T. This means that her dialect is not K. (assuming that the above entry of the dictionary is correct).

However, she was born in Tell Tamir, Syria. Originally it was a town of Assyrian settlers who had been forced to leave their original homeland, the Hakkari area in Turkey, in the first half of the 20th century. (Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies: Alberto M. Fernandez, 1998, Dawn at Tell Tamir: The Assyrian Christian Survival on the Khabur; Tragedy of the Assyrians) Her dialect is most probably aii, and likely to be K, because (according to Fernandez) many of the inhabitants of Tell Tamir were originally from Upper Ṭiari. If we believe Maclean, this was in the “K.” area (Group III), where they had soft T. There are several possibilities about this, including:

• Juliana’s family was originally from K., but she doesn’t use soft T anymore, perhaps influenced by other dialects.
• They lived in Tell Tamir, but they were not originally from K.
• Maclean was inaccurate: her dialect is K., but at least some of K. dialects do not have soft T in the first place. He himself says that at least one dialect of this area, Jilu, belongs to Group II.
• 2016-11-24 Or she might be using U. on purpose, while her own dialect is more or less different.

2016-11-08

ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪ in 2Kgs 15:19. CAL says, however, ʾāṯū-.

aii version and syc translation

ܐܵܠܲܦ، ܐܵܬ݁ܘܿܪ ܝܸܡܲܝܢܝܼ. ܒܹܝܬ݁، ܒܹܝܬ݁ ܢܲܗܪ̈ܝܼܢ ܐܲܬ݁ܪܲܝܢܝܼ.

ܐܳܠܰܦ̥: ܐܳܬ̥ܘܿܪ ܐܶܡܰܢ. ܒܶܝܬ̥: ܒܶܝܬ̥ ܢܰܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܐܰܬ̥ܪܰܢ.

Before /m/, /ɪ/ may become u-like (Stod. Gr. pp. 16–17), possibly [ɯ~ɘ].

/ay/ as [eː]

bēṯ nahrīn as like “bet nahren”

2016-11-24 ʾatrayni is pronounced like ʕat- (Macl. Gr. p. 11)

2016-11-22

Hakkari

• Kurdish Name: Colemêrg /d͡ʒolɛmeːɾɡ/ or Çolemêrg /t͡ʃo-/
• Syriac Name: ܗܲܟܵܐܪܝܼ possibly from ܐܰܟܳܪ̈ܐ “farmers”
• Armenian Name: Ջուլամերիկ (J̌ulamerik)

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