Syriac 6 (F) (+Latin)

newest | Syriac(R) | Syriac(Q) | Syriac(P) | Syriac(O) | Syriac(N) | Syriac(M) | Syriac(L) | Syriac(K) | Syriac(J) | Syriac(I) | Syriac(H) | Syriac(G) | Syriac(F) | Syriac(E) | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Semitic, Iranian, Indo-Aryan.

未分類のメモ。主にシリア語とラテン語の学習ノート。このファイルは、ܩܰܪܰܗܒܰܫ: ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܩܶܪܝܳܢܐ の第1巻{2013年4月25日開始}19～21（最終）課{9月3日終了}、第2巻{9月7日開始}1～11課と、Wheelock’s Latin の29～30章に当たる。2013年9月14日から30日までは「冥王星」、2013年10月5日から12月1日は「カラバシ注解」のため、こちらには時間をかけていない。それ以前の部分は過去ログ参照。

CAL ?; Dic, 2, 3 Jessie, Ana; TS1 2 | TUS; Wiki; Map, 2, 3 | Alan; Qarahbaš, 1, 2; Nöldeke, fem, de | Per; Gaf

Qarahbaš 3 (22) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 11: ܗܳܟ̥ܰܢ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

2013-12-03

0022vO-791x1024.jpeg (JPEG Image, 791×1024 pixels) / 0023rn-791x1024.jpeg (JPEG Image, 791×1024 pixels)

• *notice the long ā (only in the 'my' form): Nöld.146; Alan 4-98

ܓܰܒܪܐ: ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܡܗܝܪܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ:

Gaḇrā (prop. n.), an intelligent student (m. yālōp̄ā) says: [Ca. ܙܰܗܝܐ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܡܗܝܪܐ “Zahyā, an intelligent student”]

ܐܶܢܐ: ܪܳܚܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܐܳܒܝ̱ ܘܐܶܡܝ̱ [ܘܶܐܡܝ̱].

I—I love my father (long ā) and my mother.

ܕܳܕܝ̱: ܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܠܝ ܚܰܡܫܐ ܙܘ̈ܙܐ.

My paternal uncle—he gave me five coins.

ܚܳܬ̥ܝ̱: ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܥܰܡ ܓܶܢ̱ܒ ܐܳܚܝ̱.

My sister—she sits ‘with the side of’ (=by) my brother (long ā).

2013-12-04

ܚܳܬ̥ܝ̱: ܣܰܒܝ̱ ܨܶܡܕܐ. ܬܳܝ ܬܶܒܝ̱.

My sister: Take (saḇ √NSB §173C) the bag. Come (tāy*), sit. [Ca. ܨܶܡܕܐ ܕܝܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱ “the bag of yours”]

*The -y is not silent in ܬܳܝ (tāy), imperat. 2f.sg. — Muraoka (2005) §67 explicitly shows /tāy/; Nöld. §183(2) is unclear about this.

ܐܶܢܐ: ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܕܝܠܝ̱.

I—I read the lesson of mine. [Ca. ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐ̱ܒܐ ܗܳܫܐ “I am reading now”]

ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱: ܟܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܕܺܝܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱.

You (sg.f)—you write the lesson of yours (f).

ܡܐ ܛܳܒ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܕܪܳܚܶܡ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ.

How good the student is, who loves the sister of his. [Ca. does not have this line here, which makes more sense.]

ܬܳܝ (tāy) in John 4:16⁎

ܐܳܡܰܪ ܠܳܗ̇ ܝܶܫܘܥ: «ܙܶܠܝ̱ ܩܪܳܝ ܠܒܰܥܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱ ܘܬܳܝ ܠܗܳܪܟܐ.»

Yešūʕ says to her: “Go, call your husband (baʕlā), and come [back] here.”

2013-12-05

Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

1 ܠܡܰܢ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܓܳܒܪܐ؟ [ܠܡܰܢ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܙܰܗܝܐ؟]

ܪܳܚܶܡ ܐܰܒܘܗ̱ܝ ܘܶܐܡܶܗ.

— Who does Gāḇrā/Zahyā love? — He loves his father (ʾaḇūy*) and his mother.

* Or simplified as (ʾ)aḇū, without y: Qara.0095r4 / 0082T8(=0082VN) ܐܰܒܽܘܗ̱ܝ (ʾaḇūy); Nöld.146 ܐܱܒ̥ܽܘܗ̄ܝ (ʾaḇūy ?); Alan4-98 ܐܲܒ݂ܘܼܗܝ (a(ḇ)ḇūy); Leshono VI.F ܐܰܒ݂ܽܘܗ̱ܝ (ʾaḇūy); Mura43 ܐܲܒ݂ܘܼܗ̄ܝ (ʾaḇūy); Thackston12.3 ܐܒܘܗ̄ܝ (aḇū without y); Peshitta Tool ܐܰܒ݂ܽܘܗ݈ܝ (ʾaḇū without y). ¶ ū is long (Nöld146). Since the word originally ends in ū, it gets an after-vowel-form suffix.

2 ܡܰܢ ܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܠܶܗ ܙܘ̈ܙܐ؟

ܕܳܕܶܗ.

— Who gives him money? — His uncle.

3 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܚܳܬ̥ܶܗ؟

ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܥܳܡ ܓܶܢ̱ܒ ܐܳܚܘܗ̇.

— Where does his sister sit? — She sits by her brother (ʾaḥḥūh).

4 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܳܡܰܪ ܓܰܒܪܐ ܠܚܳܬ̥ܶܗ؟

ܐܳܡܰܪ ܠܳܗ̇: «ܣܰܒܝ̱ ܨܶܡܪܐ. ܬܳܝ ܬܶܒܝ̱.»

— What does Gaḇrā say to his sister? — He sais to her: “Take the bag. Come and sit.”

5 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܶܕ ܓܰܒܪܐ ܘܚܳܬ̥ܶܗ؟

ܓܳܒܪܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ. ܚܳܬ̥ܶܗ ܟܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܕܝܠܳܗ̇.

— What are Gaḇrā and his sister doing? (sg. verb for ‘A and B’) — Gaḇrā reads the lesson of his. His sister writes the lesson of hers.

Aruoxam

Aruoxam Arabi Gadi First lesson is Arabic lessons for beginners written in Dhivehi, which I can use to learn Dhivehi.

هذا (هٰذَا) باب.

މިއީ ދޮރެއް.

mi=this. ee=is. dhoru (ދޮރު) =door. dhoreh=a door.

A fun fact: The Arabic KL does not support the Dagger ʾalif (U+0670 ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF), while the Syriac KL does (AltGr+H: ٰ ).

2013-12-06

Fill in the blanks — ܣܝܡ ܒܢܳܬ̥ܩ̈ܳܠܐ [ܒܢ̈ܳܬ̥ ܩ̈ܳܠܐ] ܐܰܝܟܐ ܕܠܳܚܡ̈ܳܢ

• ܒܰܪ̱ܬ̥ ܩܳܠܐ (baṯ qālā) f. “word” (lit. ‘daughter of voice’ §141), pl. ܒ̈ܢܳܬ̥ ܩ̈ܳܠܐ (bnāṯ qālē) — §146 ܒܰܪܬ̥ܐ “daughter” (not have abs. st.), ܒܰܪ̱ܬ̥ (baṯ), const; pl. ܒ̈ܢܳܢ abs, ܒ̈ܢܳܬ̥ const, ܒ̈ܢܳܬ̥ܳܐ emph.
• ܐܰܝܟܐ ܕ relative adverb
• ܠܳܚܶܡ “(it is) fitting, suitable, convenient” — act. part. of LḤM. Here, in fem. pl. because the subject is “words” (above)

6 ܐܰܚܐ ܬܐ ܣܰܒ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܕܝܠܳܟ.

Brother, come and pick up the book of yours!

7 ܐܰܚ̈ܐ ܬܰܘ ܣܰܒܘ̱ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܟ̥ܘܿܢ.

Brothers, come and pick up the books of yours!

8 ܚܳܬ̥ܐ ܬܳܝ ܣܰܒܝ̱ ܟܬ̥ܰܒܐ ܕܝܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱.

Sister, come and pick up the book of yours!

9 ܐܰܚܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ [ܬܳܝܶܝ̈ܢ] ܣܰܒ̈ܝ̱ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܟ̥ܶܝܢ.

Sisters¹, [come and]² pick up the books of yours!

¹ From ܐ̱ܚܳܬ̥ܐ — type -āṯā §78 ܟܪܳܬ̥ܐ “thumb”, pl. ܟܪ̈ܰܘܳܬ̥ܳܐ (kra(w)wāṯā); ܡܢܳܬ̥ܐ “portion, part” pl. ܡ̈ܢܰܘܳܬ̥ܳܐ (mna(w)wāṯā); etc. [Alan Lv3 L65 has -āwāṯā instead of -a(w)wāṯā; different from Jess. etc. but quite understandable] so *ʔḥa(w)wāṯā > ʾaḥwāṯā. This is quite similar to ܡܰܐܬ̥ܐ (maʾṯā) “one hundred (f)” pl. ܡܰܐܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ (maʾwāṯā) “hundreds”

² Probably “come and” has been omitted on purpose here, because it is irregular.

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

10 ܡܐ ܛܳܒ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܕܪܳܚܶܡ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ.

How good the student is, who loves the sister of his!

Aruoxam

هذا مسجد.

މިއީ މިސްކިތެއް.

masjid(un); miskitheh; މިސްކިތް (miski(i)y)

Enclitic forms with participles and adjectives (Nöld. §64)

2013-12-02

Examples: ܩܳܛܶܠ “he kills” — ܓܳܠܶܐ “he uncovers” √GLY — ܫܰܦܝܪ “beautiful” — ܕܟ̥ܶܐ (dḵē) “clean” pass. part. of √DKY

Sing.

• ܩܳܛܶܠ ܐ̱ܢܐ or ܩܳܛܶܠܢܐ — ܓܳܠܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ (gālē nā) or ܓܳܠܶܢܐ (gālēnā OR gālĕnā ?) — ܫܰܦܝܪ ܐ̱ܢܐ — ܕܟ̥ܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ
• ܩܳܛܠܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ — ܓܳܠܝܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ — ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ fem. abs. — ܕܰܟ̥ܝܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ
• ܩܳܛܶܠ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ̊ (qāṭel ʾat) or ܩܳܛܠܰܬ̊ (qāṭlat) If coalescing occurs in the 2nd pers. sing. form, then the pronoun loses /ʔ/ while the particlple loses the final short vowel e. — ܓܳܠܶܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ (gālē ʾat) or ܓܳܠܶܝܬ (gālēt) The final long vowel is kept, but now that the syllable is closed, the vowel is written with a Yōḏ. — ܫܰܦܝܪ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ or ܫܰܦܝܪܰܬ — ܕܟ̥ܶܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ or ܕܟ̥ܶܝܬ
• 2f has -ā ʾa OR -a-: ܩܳܛܠܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ or ܩܳܛܠܰܬܝ̱ — ܓܳܠܝܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ or ܓܳܠܝܰܬܝ̱ — ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ or ܫܰܦܝܪܰܬܝ̱ — ܕܰܟ̥ܝܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ or ܕܰܟ̥ܝܰܬܝ̱

2013-12-03

Plural

• ܩܳܛܠܝܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ (qaṭlī nan) or ܩܳܛܠܝܢܰܢ (qaṭlīnan) Contracted or not, the pronunciation is the same, with only one n. Nöldeke says: the first portion ... loses its final n.^(*0) — ܓܳܠܶܝܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ or ܓܳܠܶܝܢܰܢ — ܫܰܦܝܪܝܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ ^(*1) or ܫܰܦܝܪܝܢܰܢ — ܕܟ̥ܶܝܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ or ܕܟ̥ܶܝܢܰܢ
• ܩ̈ܛܠܳܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ [or ܩ̈ܛܠܳܢܰܢ] ^(*2) One n in 1f too (say qāṭlānan, &c.) — ܓܳܠܝ̈ܳܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ — ܫܰܦܝܪ̈ܳܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ — ܕܰܟ̥ܝ̈ܳܢ̱ ܚ̱ܢܰܢ
• ܩܳܛܠܝܢ̱ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܘܢ (qāṭlī ton) or ܩܳܛܠܝܬܘܢ (qāṭlīton) ^(*3) — ܓܳܠܶܝܢ̱ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܘܢ (gālē ton) or ܓܳܠܶܝܬܘܢ — ܫܰܦܝܪܝܢ̱ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܘܢ (šappī ton) or ܫܰܦܝܪܝܬܘܢ — ܕܟ̥ܶܝܢ̱ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܘܢ (d(ə)ḵē ton) or ܕܟ̥ܶܝܬܘܢ
• ܩ̈ܳܛܠܳܢ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܶܝܢ (qāṭlā(t) tēn) or ܩ̈ܳܛܠܳܬܶܝܢ (qāṭlātēn) ^(*4) — ܓ̈ܳܠܝܳܢ̱ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܶܝܢ If 3rd-Y, the 2f pl form is written as two words. — ܫܰܦܝܪ̈ܳܢ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܶܝܢ (šappīrā(t) tēn) or ܫܰܦܝܪ̈ܳܬܶܝܢ (šappīrātēn) — ܕܰܟ̥ܝ̈ܳܢ ܐ̱ܢ̱ܬܶܝܢ (daḵyā(t) tēn) 3rd-Y

(*0) In Thackston §8.2 and in Mura. §10, two n’s are kept. Alan, on the other hand, shows only one n, just like Nöld. There is even an audio file where /yāḏʕī(n) nan/ is included, and where there is only one n even though this is written as two words (Lv 4 L 91).

(*1) In Nöld. the first Yōḏ is missing in the uncontracted form, like ܫܰܦܺܪܝܢ. A typo?

(*2) Nöld. does not show any contracted forms for 1f pl. Instead, he says: For the feminine form the masculine form qāṭlīnan, etc. sometimes appears.

(*3) Thackston says that the n of the 2nd pl. participles assimilates to the t of the enclitic, contracted or not. Mura. §10 agrees. Nöld., however, states that the n is simply dropped, contracted or not.

(*4) It is unclear in Nöld. whether or not the two forms are identical in pronunciation. According to him, the -n is dropped in pl. when contracted. For 1m pl and 2m pl he further says, “or written separately, though spoken in the same way”; but for 2f he only says, “or written separately”. In Thackston, the 2f pl form is -ttēn, contracted or not.

Qarahbaš 3 (20) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 10: ܐܶܢܐ ‐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ

2013-11-29

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• ܓܘܝܐ pers. gōy: Middle Persian? (from the fall of the Achaemenids in the 4th century BCE up to the fall of the Sassanids in the 7th century CE) [pal-Phli]. Pahlavi

2016-11-18 pal gōy [gwd (=gwy)] MacK37/201 گوی pes guy

ܐܶܢܐ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܝ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܫܰܦܝܪܐ.

I have a beautiful book.

ܐܰܝ̱ܬ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܟ ܩܰܢܝܐ ܣܘܡܳܩܐ.

You (m) have a red pen.

ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱ ܣܰܥܪܐ ܐܰܪܝܟ̥ܐ.

You (f) have long hair.

ܗܘ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܓܘܝܐ ܪܰܒܐ.

He has a big ball.

ܗܝ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܗ̇ ܣܰܥܪܐ ܐܰܪܝܟ̥ܐ.

She has long hair.

ܝܳܠܘܦܐ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܨܶܡܕܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ.

A boy-student (yālōp̄ā): He has a small bag.

ܝܳܠܘܦܬܐ: ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܗ̇ ܣܰܥܪܐ ܐܰܪܝܟ̥ܐ.

A girl-student (yālṓp̄tā hard t after ōC/ūC): She has long hair.

• 2016-11-21 This ܬ is nearly always hard after syllables with a long vowel, particularly ī or ū (N §23E): ܩܒܘܼܪܬ̊ܐ “burial (place)”, ܕܪܘܼܟ̥ܬ̊ܐ “concubine, secondary wife”, ܨܘܼܪܬ̊ܐ “image”, ܒܬ̥ܘܼܠܬ̊ܐ “virgin”; exception: ܪܚܘܼܡܬ̥ܐ “beloved (f)”.

[pal-Phli][xmn-Mani][ae-Avst][sog]

3rd Iranian Unicode Conference | 2nd Iranian Unicode Conference: Material | Sogdian Primer

2013-11-30

Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

1. ܐܰܢ̱ܬ : ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܟ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.
2. ܗܝ : ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܗ̇ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.
3. ܐܶܢܐ : ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܝ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.
4. ܗܘ : ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.
5. ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ : ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܟܝ̱ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.

Singular - Plural — ܐܳܡܪܝܢܰܢ

6 ܚܰܕ ܟܬ̥ܒܐ

ܚܰܡܫܐ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ

— One book. — Five books.

7 ܚܰܕ ܩܠܝܕܐ

ܐܰܪܢܥܐ ܩܠܝܕ̈ܐ

— One key. — Four keys. κλείς , ἡ — κλειδός — m. in Syr.

8 ܚܰܕ ܨܶܡܕܐ

ܬܪܶܝܢ ܨܶܡܕ̈ܐ

— One bag. — Two bags.

9 ܚܰܕ ܟܶܪܟܐ

ܫܰܒܥܐ ܟܶܪ̈ܟܐ

— One notebook. — Seven notebooks.

10 ܚܰܕ ܩܰܢܝܐ

ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ ܩܰܢܝ̈ܐ

ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ ܩܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ

— One pen. — Three pens.

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

11 ܟܽܠ ܒܰܪܬ̥ܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܳܗ̇ ܣܰܥܪܐ ܐܰܪܝܟ̥ܐ.

Every daughter has long hair.

Qarahbaš 3 (18) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 9: ܟܰܪܡܐ ܕܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ

2013-11-26

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ܟܰܪܡܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܣ̈ܰܬܐ ܘܺܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.

The vineyard has vines and trees in it.

pl. of ܣܰܬܐ (sattā, f.) — ܣ̈ܰܬܐ — is unusual (§80), in that it is like mas. US=ܘܐܺܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ

ܣܰܬܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ.

A vine gives [us] grapes.

ܐܝܠܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܶܒ ܚܰܙܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܰܣܝܡ̈ܐ.

A tree gives [us] sweet apples.

ܣܳܒܐ ܐܳܙܶܠ ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܠܟܰܪܡܐ، ܘܦܳܐܶܫ ܬܰܡܳܢ ܥܕܰܡܐ ܠܪܰܡܫܐ.

The old man goes to the vineyard every morning, and remains there until evening.

*Now we have no choice but to interpret ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ as “every morning” and not “all morning”.

ܣܳܠܶܩ ܥܰܠ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܘܩܳܛܶܦ ܚܰܙܘܪ̈ܐ.

He goes up onto trees and picks apples.

ܘܗܳܦܶܟ ܒܪܰܡܫܐ ܟܰܕ ܛܥܝܢ ܣܰܠܐ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

And he comes back in the evening when he carries a basket of fruits.

*I think the last two words should be ܣܰܠܐ ܕܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ, unless we can assume that ܣܰܠܐ is in the Construct state.

• 2016-11-21 Maybe apposition in words denoting measure (N §214)

2013-11-27

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Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

1 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܟܳܪܡܐ؟

ܟܳܪܡܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܣ̈ܰܬܐ ܘܺܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.

— What is in the vineyard. — The vineyard has vines and trees in it.

2 ܡܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܣܰܬܐ؟

ܣܰܬܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ (ܠܰܢ) ܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ.

— What does a vine give? — A vine gives (us) grapes.

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܶܒ ܐܝܠܳܢܐ؟

ܐܝܠܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܶܒ (ܠܰܢ) ܚܰܙܘܪ̈ܐ.

— What does a tree give? — A tree gives (us) apples.

4 ܐܶܡܰܬ̥ܝ̱ ܐܳܙܶܠ ܣܳܒܐ ܠܟܰܪܡܐ؟

ܐܳܙܶܠ ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ.

— When does the old man go to the vineyard? — He goes every morning.

5 ܡܳܢܐ ܛܥܝܢ ܟܰܕ ܗܳܦܶܟ ܒܪܰܡܫܐ؟

ܛܥܝܢ ܣܰܠܐ ܕܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

— What does he carry when he comes back in the evening? — He carries a basket of friuts.

Fill in the blanks — ܣܝܡ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ

6 ܣܰܬܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ .... ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ....

ܣܰܬܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܟܰܪܡܐ. ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ.

— A vine within the vineyard. Trees within the garden.

7 ܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ .... ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ ....

ܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܬܐ. ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ ܐܝܠܳܢܐ.

— Grapes on a vine. Fruits on a tree.

Make 3 sentences — ܪܰܟܶܒ 3 [ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ] ܦܶܬܓܳܡ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ «ܟܰܪܡܐ»

8 ܐܰܝܟ: ܟܰܪܡܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ...

1. ܟܰܪܡܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܣ̈ܰܬܶܐ.
2. ܣܳܒܐ ܐܳܙܶܠ ܠܟܰܪܡܐ.
3. ܟܰܪܡܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܪܰܒ.

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

9 ܣܳܒܐ ܩܳܛܶܦ ܚܰܙܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ ܡܶܢ ܟܰܪܡܐ.

The old man picks up apples and grapes from the vineyard.

2013-11-28

[jpa]

Y.=Y’rushalmi (Palestinean [Palestinian] Talmud*). Sabb.=Sabbath (Talmud). Snh.=Sanhedrin (Talmud). Ber.=B’rakhoth (Talmud). *Jerusalem Talmud; notes on the 2nd-century Mishnah (Jewish oral tradition), compiled during the 4th-5th c; written in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic [1?-7c]

Qarahbaš 3 (16) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 8: ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ

2013-11-21

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ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ (šāʕṯā), f. moment of time, hour. (here: “clock”*) — Type -āCṯā — the ṯā is soft in this case (§23E), even though CAL says it’s not, and even though the Type -āCtā is more common. Cf. שַׁעֲתָא Also: ܛܳܒܬ̥ܐ (ṭāḇṯā)

* Jess. has ܒܶܝܬ̥ ܫܳܥ̈ܶܐ “a clock, or a clock tower”

ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܪܰܒܬ̥ܐ.

A large clock (f).

2013-11-22

ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܢܳܩܫܐ: ܬܝܩ ܬܰܐܩ.

The clock makes a sound (NQŠ): Tick tock. {#intr. See 2014-01-13}

ܪܰܒܝ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ.

Rabbī (=my teacher/my elder/or just a name) has a small clock.

ܒܳܗ̇ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ: ܨܰܦܪܐ، ܪܰܡܫܐ.

With (instrumentative) it he knows (yāḏaʕ: e→a) time (ʕeddānā): morning, evening.

ܟܰܕ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܢܳܩܫܐ ܫܶܬ̥ ܕܨܰܦܪܐ:

When the clock strikes {#kind of transitive} 6 in the morning:

We have the feminine form of six here (ܫܶܬ̥ as opposed to ܫܬܐ), because hour ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ is feminine. But be careful: if you actually want to say 6 o’clock in full, you must use the plural form in the absolute state, i.e. ܫܶܬ̥ ܫܳܥܺܝ̈ܢ. Also note that ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ is one of those nouns that look like masculine when in plural.

ܟܽܠ ܚܰܕ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ، ܐܳܦ ܪܰܒܝ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ.

Everyone gets up from sleep; also Rabbī gets up from sleep.

ܘܛܳܥܶܢ ܨܶܡܕܶܗ ܘܐܳܙܶܠ (ܘܳܐܙܶܠ) ܠܒܶܝܬ̥ܣܶܦܪܐ.

And he carries (OR: picks up) his bag and goes to school. CANADA=ܘܳܐܙܶܠ

2013-11-24

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Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

1 ܡܰܢ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ؟

ܪܰܒܝ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ.

— Who has a clock? — Rabbī has a clock.

2 ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܩܳܠܳܗ̇ ܟܰܕ ܢܳܩܫܐ؟

ܬܝܩ ܬܰܐܩ.

— How [is] its (f) sound when it (f) is making a sound? — Tīq taʾq.

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܝܳܠܶܦ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܡܶܢ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ؟

ܝܳܠܶܦ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ. (ܡܳܢܐ ܝܳܠܦܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܝ̱ ܡܶܢ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ؟ / ܝܳܠܦܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ.)

ܝܺܠܶܦ (yīlep̄) to learn √ʾLP (as if YLP in Peal)

— What do you learn from a clock? — I learn time.

4 ܟܡܐ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܫܐ؟

ܚܰܡܶܫ (ܫܳܥܺܝ̈ܢ) ܕܪܰܡܫܐ.

— What time is it now? — Five in the evening.

Time Expression? I’m not sure exactly how time is to be expressed. The closest thing I found is Acts 2:15: “until now are [there but] three hours” (=it is but the third hour of the day).
2014-04-15 Vol. 3 Lesson 2 has: ܒܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܫܶܬ̥ ܕܨܰܦܪܐ “at 6 o’clock in the morning”.

5 ܐܶܡܰܬ̥ܝ̱ ܢܳܩܶܫ ܙܰܓܐ ܕܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ؟

ܬܫܰܥ ܕܨܰܦܪܐ.

— When does the bell (zaggā) of [school] lessons ring {#intr. see 2014-01-13}? — 9 in the morning [*should be close enough].

2013-11-25

Fill in the blanks — ܣܝܡ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ

6 ܫܶܡܫܐ ܕܳܢܰܚ ... ܣܰܗܪܐ ܡܰܢܗܰܪ ...

ܫܶܡܫܐ ܕܳܢܰܚ ܒܨܰܦܪܐ. ܣܰܗܪܐ ܡܰܢܗܰܪ ܒܠܺܠܝܐ (ܒܠܺـܠܝܐ).

— The sun rises in the morning. The moon (sahrā) illuminates at night (le̦lyā WS līlyā).

• ܢܗܰܪ to shine
• Aphel (with e→a) ܐܰܢܗܰܪ to lighten
• Aphel Part. ܡܰܢܗܰܪ (manhar < m- + ʾanhar), ܡܰܢܗܪܐ (man-hərā)
• Cf. ܐܰܟ̥ܬܶܒ (ʾaḵteḇ) to dictate: ܡܰܟ̥ܬܶܒ (maḵteḇ), ܡܰܟ̥ܬܒܐ (maḵ-təḇā)
• ܣܰܗܪܐ has nothing to do with Arabic صحراء (ṣaḥrāʾ): the wrong S and the wrong H!

7 ܫܶܡܫܐ ܥܳܪܶܒ ... ܫܶܡܫܐ ܡܰܢܗܰܪ ...

ܫܶܡܫܐ ܥܳܪܶܒ ܒܪܰܡܫܐ. ܫܶܡܫܐ ܡܰܢܗܰܪ ܒܺܐܝܡܳܡܐ.

— The sun sets in the evening. The sun shines in the daytime (ʾīmāmā). CANADA=ܒܺܐܝܡܳܡܐ / US=ܒܐܺܝܡܳܡܐ

Look at the lesson and show — ܒܨܝ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܘܚܰܘܐ

• Lesson 1 says the same thing as ܒܨܝ ܠܗܶܪܓܐ ܘܚܰܘܐ with L-.
• Prob. 6–8: CANADA = ܥܰܗܝܕ / US = ܥܗܺܝܕ — In this case, US ver. seems more correct, since the meaning is passive. That is:
• ܥ̱ܶܗ̣ܰܕ (ʾehhaḏ) item ܥܗ̣ܰܕ (ʕəhaḏ) “remember, recall, mention” — Jess. In this and the following words beginning with ܥܗ West-Syrians pronounce the ܥ̱‍ (*) like Alep (**), East-Syrians keep the strong pronunciation.
• (*) Firefox24 does not respect ZWJ! (**) ܐܳܠܰܦ, but also ܐܳܠܶܦ. (?)
• Part. pass. 1) sensu act. ܥܰܗܺܝܕ (ʕahhīḏ OR ʾahhīḏ) “remembering” 2) sensu pass. ܥܗܺܝܕ (ʕəhīḏ) “mentioned”
• Nöld. §37 (also see §169, 174G): with the West-Syrians, a ܥ coming immediately before ܗ becomes ܐ and is treated like it in every respect. Thus ܥܶܗܰܕ “remembered”,—pronounce ܐܶܗܰܕ from ܥܗܰܕ [...] This change, which becomes noticeable even in the fourth century, and is occasionally indicated also in writing [...], has however remained unknown to the East-Syrians.
• LS2: ܥܗܰܕ jac. ܥܶܗܰܕ ... ܥܰܗܺܝܕ memor 1Cor 11₂ — I’m not sure how this should be understood; 1Cor 11 has ma(ʕ)heḏ, Aphel Act. Part., which is a different form. Anyway, LS2 agrees about “jac[obitae]”

8 ܟܡܐ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ ܥܗܺܝܕ ܫܶܡ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ؟

ܐܰܪܒܥܐ ܐܰܪܒܰܥ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ.

— How many times is the name of šāʕṯā mentioned? — Four times.

9 ܟܢܐ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ ܥܗܺܝܪ ܫܶܡ ܨܰܦܪܐ؟

ܬܪܶܝܢ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ.

— How many times is the name of ṣap̄rā mentioned? — Two times (Twice).

10 ܒܰܐܝܢܐ ܣܶܪܛܐ ܥܗܺܝܕ ܫܶܡ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ؟

ܒܰܪܒܝܥܳܝܐ ܣܶܪܛܐ.

— In which line the name of ʕeddānā mentioned? — In the fourth (rḇīʕāyā) line. US=ܒܐܰܝܢܐ

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

11 ܒܝܰܕ ܫܳܥܬ̥ܐ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ: ܨܰܦܪܐ، ܪܰܡܫܐ.

With a clock I know time: morning, evening.

Qarahbaš 3 (14) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 7: ܡܰܢ ܙܳܒܶܢ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ

2013-11-18

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ܗܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܡܙܰܒܶܢ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

Look, a boy (7–12 year old) is selling fruits.

ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܪܳܟ̥ܶܒ ܚܡܳܪܐ ܘܳܐܙܶܠ ܠܟܰܪܡܐ.

Every morning he rides a donkey (ḥmārā) and goes to the vineyard [orchard]. US=ܘܐܳܙܶܠ

«kol + abs. st.» vs. «kol + emph. st.» Since “every day” is ܟܽܠ ܝܘܡ, I assume that “every morning” would be ܟܽܠ ܨܦܰܪ, and that ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ should be understood as “all morning” i.e. “the whole morning”. No, apparently this idiom does not work that way. Let’s go with “every morning.” See 2013-11-16.

ܩܳܛܶܦ ܥܶܢܒ̈ܐ، ܬܺܐܢ̈ܐ ܘܚܰܙܘܪ̈ܐ.

He picks olives, figs, and apples.

ܗܐ ܗܳܫܐ ܗܳܦܶܟ ܡܶܢ ܟܰܪܡܐ.

Look, now he comes back (hāp̄eḵ) from the vineyard [orchard].

ܘܣܳܡ ܥܰܠ ܚܡܳܪܐ ܣܰܠܐ ܕܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ، ܘܟܰܠܒܐ ܡܗܰܠܶܟ ܩܕܳܡ ܚܡܳܪܐ.

And he (has) placed (SWM pf.), on the donkey, a basket of fruits, and a dog (kalbā) is walking before (qəḏām) the donkey.

ܗܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ: ܡܰܢ ܙܳܒܶܢ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ؟

Look, the boy is shouting: “Who buys (Does anyone want) fruits?” [apparently, peddling]

2013-11-20

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ܫܽܘ̈ܐܠܐ — Answer by pointing — ܦܰܢܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܢܐܝܺܬ̥

1 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܚܡܳܪܐ؟

Which is the donkey?

2 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܛܰܠܝܐ؟

Which is the boy?

3 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܟܰܠܒܐ؟

Which is the dog?

Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

4 ܡܶܢ ܐܰܝܟܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܶܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ؟

ܛܰܠܝܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܶܐ ܡܶܢ ܟܰܪܡܐ.

— From where does the boy come (ʾTY)? — The boy comes from the vineyard.

5 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܥܰܠ ܚܡܳܪܐ؟

ܥܰܠ ܚܡܳܪܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܣܰܠܐ ܕܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

— What is on the donkey? — On the donkey there is a basket of fruits.

6 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܩܕܳܡ ܚܡܳܪܐ؟

ܩܕܳܡ ܚܡܳܪܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܟܰܠܒܐ.

— What is in front of the donkey? — In front of the donkey there is a dog.

7 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܣܳܠܐ؟

ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܣܳܠܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

— What is inside the basket? — Inside the basket there are fruits.

8 ܡܳܢܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܗܳܢܐ؟

ܛܰܠܝܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ: «ܡܰܢ ܙܳܒܶܢ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ؟»

— What does this boy shout? — This boy shouts, “Who buys fruits?”

Fill in the blanks — ܠܰܚܶܡ ܡ̈ܶܠܐ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ

ܠܚܶܡ intr. to be fitting: Pa. ܠܰܚܶܡ (laḥḥem) to fit, adapt. [Canada] says: ܚܘܪ ܒܨܘܪܬܐ : ܘܠܰܚܶܡ ܡ̈ܶܠܐ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ “Give heed to the picture and…” but the picture does not tell you anything about 9, and it is incompatible with 11.

9 ܣܰܠܐ ܣܝܡܐ ....... ܚܡܳܪܐ.

ܣܰܠܐ ܣܝܡܐ ܥܰܠ ܚܡܳܪܐ.

— The box is put (pass. part.) on the donkey.

10 ܟܰܠܒܐ ܪܳܕܶܐ ....... ܚܡܳܪܐ.

ܟܰܠܒܐ ܪܳܕܶܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܚܡܳܪܐ.

— The dog travels (rāḏē √RDY) in front of the donkey.

11 ܛܰܠܝܐ ܡܗܰܠܶܟ ....... ܚܡܳܪܐ.

ܛܰܠܝܐ ܡܗܰܠܶܟ ܒܳܬ̥ܰܪ ܚܡܳܪܐ.

— The boy walks behind the donkey. (Probably now that the basket is on the donkey, the boy is walking, no more riding on it himself.)

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒ̥ܬ̊ܐ

12 ܗܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ: ܡܰܢ ܙܳܒܶܢ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ؟

Look, the boy is shouting: Who buys fruits?

Qarahbaš 3 (13) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 6: ܟܰܕ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܐ

2013-11-15

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• ܐܰܦ̈ܐ (ʾappē), f. pl. “nostrils, face” (only in pl.) / CANADA=ܒܰܐܦܰܝ̈

ܟܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܐ

When I get up from sleep,

ܨܠܝܒܐ ܒܐܰܦܰܝ̈ (ܒܰܐܦܰܝ̈) ܪܳܫܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܐ

I make the sign of the cross (ṣlīḇā) in front of me. CANADA=ܒܰܐܦܰܝ̈

2013-11-16

ܘܒܳܬ̥ܰܪ ܕܠܳܒܶܫ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܡܐܢܰܝ̈

And after (bāṯar) I wear my clothes (mānā/mānē pl),

ܫܳܩܶܠ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܟܬܳܒ̈ܰܝ ܘܰܩܢ̈ܰܝ

I lift up/take my books and my pens.

When a pl. mas. noun ends in -ayyā, that -ayyā altogether—not only the final -ā—is generally dropped (“shorter form”) before a possessive suffix II is attached. Pure substantives have always the shorter form. (Nöld. §145K; Alan Lv.4 L.105; Thackston §9.3)

ܩܰܢܝܐ (qanyā) — ܩܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ (qnayyā) pl — ܩܢ̈ܰܝ (qnay) [pl. type -a-yā / --ayyā Alan 63]
ܒܪܐ (brā) — ܒܢܰܝ̈ܳܐ (bnayyā) — ܒܢܰܝ̈ (bnay)
ܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ (mayyā) — ܡܰܝ̈ (may) BUT ALSO ܡܰܝܰܝ̈ (mayyay)

ܩܕܳܡ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܐ

Before (qəḏām) the table, I sit.

ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܐܰܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܐ

I read or I write.

ܘܟܰܕ ܟܽܠܡܶܕܶܡ ܡܛܰܝܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܐ

And when I prepare everything (kolmeddem),

ܠܘܳܬ̥ ܒܶܝܬ̥ܣܶܦܪܐ ܨܳܐܶܒ ܐ̱ܢܐ

At (lwāṯ) the school, I gather (I go to school).

ܢܶܩܒܳܐܝܺܬ̥: ܟܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ ܩܳܝܡܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ..... ܘܫܰܪܟܐ.

In the feminine gender: When from sleep I wake up... etc.

ܣܰܓܺܝܳܐܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥: ܟܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ ܩܝܡܝܢܰܢ ..... ܘܫܰܪܟܐ.

Plurally (saggīyānāʾīṯ): When from sleep we wake up (qāymīnan)... etc.

QWM: part: ܩܳܐܶܡ (qāʾem), ܩܳܝܡܐ (qāymā); pl. ܩܳܝܡܝܢ (qāymīn), ܩܳܝ̈ܡܳܢ (qāymān).

Ethiopic

See also: Ethiopic (2018)

2013-11-16

Ethiopic [HA]

Ethiopic (Ethiopian Language) Grammar by August Dillmann : August Dillmann, et al : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive

Ethiopic Grammar / by August Dillmann. 2. ed. enlarged and improved (1899) by Carl Bezold. Translated by James A. Crichton. London : Williams & Norgate, 1907

ሀ

U+1200 [ ሀ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA

ሁ هُ

U+1201 [ ሁ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HU: has a hook at the center right; maybe like an Arabic Ḍamma

ሂ هِ

U+1202 [ ሂ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HI: has a hook at the bottom right (in this case, of the attached leg); maybe like an Arabic Kasra

ሃ هَ

U+1203 [ ሃ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HAA: a leg attached to the right part; conceptually a Fatḥa

ሄ

U+1204 [ ሄ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HEE: ē; a semi-circle to the right leg

ህ

U+1205 [ ህ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HE: ĕ or vowelless; has a zigzag

ሆ

U+1206 [ ሆ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HO; a semi-circle to the upper right

2013-11-17

More Ethiopic

Normal vs. Zigzag: ሀ ህ

ለ ለ ל λ

U+1208 [ ለ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LA

ሉ ሉ لُ

U+1209 [ ሉ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LU

ሊ ሊ لِ

U+120A [ ሊ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LI: this guy is like ሂ but is simpler as it already has a leg.

ላ ላ لَ

U+120B [ ላ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LAA

ሌ ሌ

U+120C [ ሌ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LEE

ል ል

U+120D [ ል ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LE: this guy is strange but think the curly part as a bent-in (broken) upright line; then it is like a zigzag after all.

ሎ ሎ

U+120E [ ሎ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LO: a semi-circle added, not to the upper right but to the middle right

3[rd Letter ḤA]

ሐ ሐ ሐ

U+1210 [ ሐ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA: originalaly [ħ], later = HA

ሑ ሑ ሑ

U+1211 [ ሑ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHU

ሒ ሒ ሒ

U+1212 [ ሒ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHI

ሓ ሓ ሓ

U+1213 [ ሓ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHAA

ሔ ሔ ሔ

U+1214 [ ሔ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHEE

ሕ ሕ ሕ

U+1215 [ ሕ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHE

ሖ ሖ ሖ

U+1216 [ ሖ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHO: a longer left leg (ō=left leg OR right ring)

[Tables]

DillmannTbl1.jpg (JPEG Image, 1140×1150 pixels) 245 KiB

DillmannTbl1_L.jpg (JPEG Image, 2270×2315 pixels) 661 KiB

2017-06-30 DillmannTbl2.jpg (JPEG Image, 850×1540 pixels) 218 KiB

[MA]

1. U+1218 [ መ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MA
2. U+1219 [ ሙ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MU
3. U+121A [ ሚ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MI: Add a leg, then a right hook, just like ሂ
4. U+121B [ ማ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MAA: Add a right leg
5. U+121C [ ሜ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MEE
6. U+121D [ ም ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE ME: 'broken' by a left leg
7. U+121E [ ሞ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MO

[ŚA]

1. U+1220 [ ሠ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA: ś or š; שׂ (SIN) ; *ś [ɬ] — later just 's'
2. U+1221 [ ሡ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZU
3. U+1222 [ ሢ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZI: Add a leg, then a right hook
4. U+1223 [ ሣ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZAA
5. U+1224 [ ሤ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZEE
6. U+1225 [ ሥ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZE: 'broken' by a left leg
7. U+1226 [ ሦ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZO: 'left' leg

2013-11-18

Ethiopic [Voiceless Alveolar Lateral Fricative]

First, a few things about the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] in Proto Semitic, aka Welsh "ll". In the Welsh language, does anyone know how to make the 'LL' (ll) sound? please!!! i'd really really apre

• put the tip of your tongue on the roof of your mouth, ust behind your front teeth then blow out it should sound something like sh with the influence of ch
• Just try saying a normal 'l', but breath out and let the air flow round your tongue. The best way to describe it would be 'hl'. Take the Welsh city Llandudno. It should sound like [hlahn-deed-no]. You should hear a sort of shlushing sound, and then you have your Welsh ll.
• try putting the tip of your tongue on the roof of your mouth, like on the ridge just behind your front teeth...then blow out...it should sound something like khlll.
• The tongue to the roof of the mouth behind the upper teeth is correct. Blow out while saying the L as in London but keep your tongue to the roof of your mouth as you say London.

GWYBODIADUR: the dreaded LL sound

• The key is to raise the sides of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth until you get the necessary friction from the air hissing over the sides of the tongue past the teeth. Otherwise, to get the necessary friction, you have to blow with all your might.
• LL is really just a combination of H and L. If you say an H followed immediately by an L, the the influence of the H will naturally tend to make the L more ‘hissy’, which is what you want. One way to get the feel of the sound is to say (or better still, whisper loudly) a word like clan or please and listen carefully to the sounds you’re making. Say the word slowly and emphatically, as if you were getting exasperated: “oh please! I said clan, not plan”. The L should sound something like LL: a sort of L and H all mixed up together.
• Here’s a different technique I think makes some sense: put your tongue in the L position and say SH (not S). Don’t forget to keep the tip of the tongue up against ridge behind the teeth and not let it point forwards or downwards as it would do for a normal SH. As someone put it recently, “you’ll sound a bit like a really annoyed cat”.
• If the worst comes to the worst you can probably just say KL or THL and be understood. Probably.

ll /ɬ/ The ll is a hard Welsh sound to make. It is best described as putting your tongue in the position of l and then blowing out air gently. Like saying a h and l simultaneously, but with more puff. Welsh example: llyfr (book)

Welsh/Pronunciation - Wikibooks, open books for an open world

there are still clear instances of realisations with the unexpected palatal fricative as well as the alveolar lateral fricative (Llanwrtyd Wells, Llanelli and Machynlleth in particular sound palatal to me). I find it very intriguing that these differences do not seem to be discernible to native Welsh speakers' ears.

John Wells's phonetic blog

 Dw i'n byw yn Llangollen [duː ɪn bɪw ʊ̈n ɬaŋ.ɡɔ.ɬɛ̝n] (I live in Llangollen); taken from Croeso: beginners' Welsh: 3 Sesiwn 3 - OpenLearn - Open University

Dw i is the first person for the present tense. It also must be connected with 'n to use verb-nouns. | am I in [the] living in

U+1220 [ ሠ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA

U+10A66 [ 𐩦 ] OLD SOUTH ARABIAN LETTER SHIN - ś OR s²

2015-11-16: With Amharic Input Method (version 1.0), use [S] for ሰ, [S][S] for ሠ, [X] for ሸ. For s1/s2/s3 in Et., see also 20151116.

2017-06-17 [P][.] for ጰ (somewhat like ܦ̇ Greek P in Syriac): [T][S] for ጸ (like ሰ S + ring above): [T][Z] for ፀ (ض)

2018-06-09 I think that the “confusing” romanization 𐩪 ‎= s, 𐩦 ‎= š, 𐩯 ‎= ś is based on the phonetic values of s1/s2 in Arabic. At least s1 = s is logical here, assuming that 𐩪 ‎= /s/. This may feel “confusing” because, when Hebrew or Aramaic is romanized, s1/s2/s3 are written š/ś/s, not s/š/ś, respectively; but that is a Hebrew-centric view. It would be also confusing to transliterate OSA s1 (which may be /s/) as š, as one would usually think š means /ʃ/. On the other hand, if one thinks 𐩪 as ሰ, then obviously it is “s” and not “š”.

[RA]

1. U+1228 [ ረ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RA: the base - this guy has a kind of right hook by default; Ar. ر; He. ר
2. U+1229 [ ሩ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RU: special - this guy, though strange, appears to have a right middle hook as usual: the explanation is: “the lower line again has to be broken off, but this time in a downward direction, so that the vowel-line, as distinguished from that lower line, may readily catch the eye”
3. U+122A [ ሪ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RI: special - no usual right bottom hook; make the whole thing like a big fish hook (or an unclosed '6'); “by the turning upwards of the lower line”
4. U+122B [ ራ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RAA: special - add a right 'hand' instead of the usual right leg, to the base; “breaks off its horizontal line in an upward direction and attaches the prop to this”
5. U+122C [ ሬ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE REE
6. U+122D [ ር ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RE: special - make it C-shaped; “an upright line in the letter either broken, or bent in, whether above or below...”
7. U+122E [ ሮ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RO: add a upper right ring to the C-shaped guy

2013-11-20

Ethiopic [SA, QA, BA]

*“broken” by using an upright stroke in a sloping position. **long-left-leg (easier than a small ring at the upper part)

*left top stroke **upper ring; “long left leg” is impossible.

*a short line attached to left-middle, not left-top, perhaps to differentiate it from ከ (ka)

[EAE] Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Transcription/Transliteration [archived]

2013-11-23

[TA, ḪA, NA]

ኀ ኅ the horizontal part broken off; an oblique short line, from lower left to higher right, added instead

ኀ ኆ significantly modified, before adding the small ring; more like a ኖ (nō) with a stroke

2013-11-26

[ʔA, KA, WA, ʕA]

One may think ዉ is wī and ው is wū... but that’s not it!

2015-11-25

zä/yä/dä

2015-12-01

gä/ṭä/p̣ä

2015-12-02

ṣä/ṣ́ä/fä/pä

LLA 1025: ዐፅም (ʕäṣ́m) etiam ዐጽም (ʕäṣm) /ʕæsʼm/ “os (ossis)”,
amh. አጽንት (ʔäṣnət ??) et አጥንት (ʔäṭnət ?) Tigrinya ዓጽሚ (ʕaṣəmi) /ʕa̠sʼɨmi/, ዓጽማ (ʕaṣəma) /ʕa̠sʼɨma̠/ ‖ עֶצֶם ‎‖ عَظْمٌ ‎‖ ܥܰܛܡܐ

2015-12-09

First 12

8 Easy Ones

4 Harder Ones

Amharic

2014-05-17

ድንች (dən(ə)čə // sounds like -či) “potato”

1. ድ = ደ (d) + broken by a right middle hook
2. ን = ነ (n) + broken by a left top hook
3. ቸ (č) = an Amharic modification, from ተ (t) (Also used in Tigrinya, Tigré) // broken by a left top hook ት, similarly ች but more like, broken with a zigzag

2014-05-18

ቲማቲም (tīmātīm(ə)) “tomato”

1. ቲ (tī) = ተ + right bottom horizontal line
2. ማ (mā) = መ + right vertical extention
3. ም = broken by a left leg

Seven Easy Guys

1. ለ like λ
2. መ vaguely like “m”
3. ሠ [Shift]+[S], like Heb. ש or Rus. Шш OR Σ rotated
4. ቀ like Q or Gk. Koppa (Ϙϙ)
5. ተ like “t”
6. አ like Heb. א
7. ወ vaguely like “w”

2014-05-19

A Few More Nice Guys

1. ረ Heb. ר mirrored
2. በ Heb. ב / Syr. ܒ rotated
3. ነ Vaguely “N” (mirrored, kind of)
4. ዐ ʕayn=“eye”

2014-05-21

S Guys

SĀT ሰ is a strange guy. It’s obviously SA 𐩪 SAT, but other than that, it doesn’t have many friends, even though it is s¹, the most normal S in a way. Arabic uses SHIN for S, which is ሠ in Ethiopic (SA 𐩦‎), ש in Hebrew. Heberew and Syriac use SAMEKH for S, while Ethiopic does not have this s³ guy at all (SA 𐩯). Note that ለ (L) and ሰ (S) are confusable.

After ሠ */ɬ/ > /ʃ/ was merged into /s/, becoming the same sound as ሰ, Amharic invented a new character for /ʃ/: ሸ, which is a ሰ with an overline.

ጸ [V] TSA is originally /ṣ/ (SA 𐩮 SADHE). This one is like Hebrew צ. Amharic has another TS, ፀ [Shift]+[V] TZA, originally /ḍ/ (SA 𐩳 DHADHE). For ṣ and ḍ, Arabic has ص and ض // They look like Syriac ܨ, which is Hebrew צ; therefore, these two Arabic letters are cousins of ጸ. Both ጸ and ፀ are pronounced as the same ejactive /(t)s'/ in Amharic.

In summary:

1. ሰ (s¹) must be memorized.
2. ሠ (s²) is very easy to recognize. EAE ś
3. Ethiopic and Arabic do not have s³ (Heb. ס Syr. ܣ). Am. ሸ is just a modified version of ሰ. EAE š
4. ጸ (ṣ) is relatively easy (Ar. ض Heb. צ Syr. ܨ). It’s ሰ with a big circle above, kind of.
5. ፀ (ḍ EAE ṣ́) must be memorized. For convenience, one may think it as a kind of θ, though in fact it isn’t (the real Ethiopic version of θ is ጠ). Another mnemonic would be Kanji 日 (ZITSU: close enough to TZA, not only sharing a similar glyph shape).

2014-05-25

H Guys

ሀ HA. U+10A60 [ 𐩠 ] OLD SOUTH ARABIAN LETTER HE

ሐ [Shift]+[H] HHA, originally /ħ/, later just /h/. U+10A62 [ 𐩢 ] OLD SOUTH ARABIAN LETTER HETH; transliterated as ḥ.

ኀ [Y] XA, originally /x/ or /χ/, later just /h/. U+10A6D [ 𐩭 ] OLD SOUTH ARABIAN LETTER KHETH; transliterated as ḫ.

ኸ [Shift]+[K] KXA /x/. Amharic mod. of ከ (KA); used in Tigrinya too; EAE translit. ḵ.

South Semitic (and a Few Other) Languages

2013-11-17

• South Semitic
  • Ethiopian > North Ethiopian
    • Geez (Geʕez) [gez] aka (Ancient) Ethiopic / Liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
    • Tigrinya (Tigrigna) [ti / tir] 6.9 mil ~8 mil: 4.47 in ET (2007) + 3.11 in ER (2016) ትግርኛ (Tĕgrĕññā [ˈtɨ.ɡɾɨɲ.ɲa]) Ethiopia, Eritrea / Tigrigna Online - Tigrinya Home

      Spoken by Tigray-Tigrinya people, who are 96% Ethiopian Orthodox, 4% Muslim. 60% of the speakers are in Ethiopia (spoken by 6% or 4.3 mil of Ethiopians, the 4th major language after Oromo 25.5, Amharic 21.6, Somali 4.6); 40% are in Eritria. An official langauge of Eritria, along with Arabic and English.

    • Tigré [tig] 1.1 mil Eritrea 1.29 mil in Eritrea (2016) + also in Sudan; ትግራይት (Təgrāyt) in ER; ቲግሬ (Tīgrē) in LLA (VOCABULAIRE DE LA LANGUE TIGRÉ) 29 / Tigré

      Spoken by Tigre people, who are mostly Islam.

    • Dahalik [dlk]: Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea
  • Ethiopian > South Ethiopian
    • Amharic [am / amh] 21.8 mil ~26 mil (2016 est.) ኣማርኛ (Āmārĕññā) አማርኛ / Learn Amharic | learn101.org / FSI Language Courses - Amharic

      99% of the speakers are in Ethiopia, where it is the official language of the Federal Government; spoken by 30% of Ethiopians (2nd after Oromo).

    • Siltʼe [stv] 0.9 mil የስልጤ (Yăsĕlṭē)
    • Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw] 440k 1.48 mil (2007) ሰባት ቤት ጉራጌ (Săbāt Bēt Gūrāgē)
  • Modern South Arabian
    • [Western MSA] Mehri [gdq] 115k (50k in Yemen, 50k in Oman, 14k in Kuwait) ~170k (ca. 2015), spoken; Harsusi [hss]
    • [Eastern MSA] Soqotri [sqt] 57k 70k (2015) in Yemen (Soqotra Island), spoken; Shehri (Jibbali) [shv]
• Central Semitic: Aramaic, Canaanite (Heb & Sam¹) / Arabic / Maybe Old South Arabian² [See 2017-06-17]

¹ Samaritan [smp] = the ancient language of Samaritan Pentateuch; this is not Samaritan Aramaic [sam], which is a newer language of Western Aramaic.

² Sabaean [xsa], Minaean [inm], etc.

South Semitic = Ethiopian + (Modern) South Arabian; Afro-Asiatic = Berber + Chadic + Cushitic + Egyptian + Omotic(?) + Semitic; Some say Semitic is closely related to Berber (and Cushitic). Blin language [byn] Cushitic 91k may be also written in Ethi.

2015-01-20: File:Semitic languages - Chronology.png - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2017-06-30

(So-called) South Ethiopian

(1.+2.) vs. 3 divided around 0 CE
1. vs. 2. divided around 0 CE

1. Amharic-Argobba
- (1a) Gafat* [gft] extinct
- (1b) Argobba [agj] 47k
- (1c) Amharic [am] 25.8m (L1=21.8m, L2=4m):
         L1 mostly in Ethiopia (21.6m), also in Israel by Jews of Ethiopian origin (40k)

2. Outer South Ethiopic
- (2a) “N-Group” aka “Northern Gurage”: Kistane (Soddo) [gru] 316k, and traditionally *Gefat
- (2b) “TT-Group” aka “Western Gurage”: Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw] 1.48m (dialects: Chaha, Ezha, etc.);
                                        Inor (Ennemor) [ior] 280k (incl. Gyeto), Mesmes [mys] Extinct?;
                                        Mesqan [mvz] 195k

3. Harari-East Gurage
- (3a) Harari [har] 34k
- (3b) “Eastern Gurage”: Siltʼe /siltʼiɲɲə/ [stv] 0.881m & Wolane [wle], Zay (Zway) [zwa] 5k

Traditionally 1. and 3. are grouped as Transversal South Ethiopic, as opposed to 2.
* Traditionally, Gafat is thought to belong to (2a). [Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages (2009) theorizes
that Gafat is closely related to Amharic-Argobba]
Gurage /ɡura(ː)ɡe/

Tiya, Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia (CC-BY-SA-3.0 by Julien Demade)

2014-05-19

Minor Languages Written in the Ethiopic Script

While Blin is important too, other languages written in Ethi and spoken by more people include Siltʼe [stv] (0.9 mil) and Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw] (0.44 mil) — such as Chaha language. Sebatbet is interesting Unicode-wise, as a lot of letters were added specifically for it in the Ethiopic Supplement and Ethiopic Extended blocks. Gamo-Gofa-Dawro (Omotic) has more speakers (2 mil), but it is officially written in Latn.

http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1846.pdf (1998); http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04143-n2747-ethiopic-ext.pdf (2004), http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04265-n2814r-ethiopic-supp.pdf (2004); http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09050r-ethiopic.pdf (2009)

2015-11-26 http://yacob.org/papers/DanielYacob-IUC15.pdf (1999)

2014-05-20

Siltʼe

1. Səlṭē (ስልጤ) people live in the Səlṭē Zone (which was a part of the Gurage Zone in the 20th century) in the SNNPR, Ethiopia, about 150 km south of Addis Ababa; near Butajira, Lake Z(i)way, and Hosa'ina (Hosaena). They speak the Siltʼe language [stv].
2. Səlṭī (ስልጢ) is an older name; also it may refer to the main subgroup of Səlṭē, known as Summus Səlṭi.
3. The Səlṭē people are mostly Muslim.
4. In this case, ⟨ṭ⟩ or ⟨tʼ⟩ means an ejective.

Siltʼe [stv] in the Siltʼe Zone and Sebat Bet Gurage [sgw] in the Gurage Zone

Map added on 2015-11-24 (The Siltʼe Zone split away from Gurage in 2001):

2015-11-21

Blin (Bilin, Bilen)

Although not a Semitic language, Blin is often written with the Geʿez alphabet. The following letters are used [PDF]:

• From Geʿez:
  • ሀ ለ ሐ መ ረ ሰ ቀ በ ተ ነ አ ከ ወ ዐ የ ደ ገ ጠ ፈ and ኰ ጐ ቈ
  • (Less Commonly) ዘ ጰ ጸ ፐ
  • (Unused) ሠ ኀ ፀ and ኈ
• From Tigrinya:
  • ሸ [ʃ] ቐ^* ኸ [x] ጀ [d͡ʒ] ጨ [t͡ʃʼ] and ዀ [xʷ] ቘ^* — ኸ ዀ instead of ኀ ኈ
  • (Less Commonly) ዠ [ʒ] ቸ [t͡ʃ] ኘ [ɲ] ቨ [v]
• Exotic Letters: ጘ and ⶓ [ŋ][ŋʷ]
  • 2015-11-26 Ethiopic (U3.0) ጘ ጙ ጚ ጛ ጜ ጝ ጞ^☆ Ethiopic (U4.1)† ጟ Ethiopic Ext (U4.1)† ⶓ ⶔ ⶕ ⶖ

The letters listed under “From Tigrinya” are also used in Amharic, except ቐ^* and ቘ^* — in Tigrinya they are used for [xʼ ~ χʼ], the soft (possibly allophonic) version of [kʼ]. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Language Archive shows it as [qχʼ] (affricate); [ʁʼ] is used in the Memhr.org Dictionaries, which should be understood as [ʁ] or [χʼ].

† 2018-06-03 Not supported by WashRa. Also, all of the *OA characters and the following characters are not supported by it: U+1337 ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHWA ጷ [IME: p.ua]; U+1358 ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RYA ፘ; U+1359 ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MYA ፙ; U+135A ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FYA ፚ. RYA/MYA/FYA are used when the Hamer language is written with this script.

2018-12-29 Notice the ቆ-style ō-ring “inserted” in ጞ☆ (ŋo, from ጎ); [ŋ] (not [ɲ]) is written as ñ in its Latin-based orthography (the exact phonetic values of q/qh are unclear, though possibly allophonic [kʼ]/[xʼ], and probably the same as ቀ and ቐ, respectively). The native language name is [blin]. It is a Central Cushitic (Agaw) language (with Awngi, Xamtanga, Qimant). The language is spoken mainly in Anseba Region in N. Eritria, esp. in the town of Keren (ከረን) in central Eritrea, which is the second-largest city in Eritrea. The number of speakers is 112,000 (2016), about 2% of the Eritrean population (4.95 mil), said to be 30–50% Christians, 50–70% Muslim (ref. Blin orthography: a history and an assessment).

2015-11-23

Bench

U+2DA0–U+2DBE are for the Bench language (Omotic, bcq, 0.35 mil), even though they are listed in the section “Syllables for Sebatbeit”: the consonants meant by Unicode names like ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SSA/CCA/ZZA/CCHA seem to be [ʂ], [ʈ͡ʂ], [ʐ], [ʈ͡ʂʼ], respectively; shown as SH, C, ZH, CH, in n1846.pdf, page 2.

ⶠ ⶨ ⶰ ⶸ are obviously from ሸ ቸ ዠ ጨ.

Starting from 2008, the Bench language is written with the Latin alphabet.

2015-11-24

Sebat Bet Gurage (Säbat Bet kä-Gurage)

Additional Letters for Chaha (Čähaña)

Some mods to ቈ ኰ ዀ ጐ ? They were called GURAGE QWE/KWE/KXWE/GWE (U+xx40–43) in n1846.pdf, but apparently they were dropped in n2747. Maybe these are for the syllables with the wide [ɛ], instead of [a]/[e]?

• 2018-10-07 They are actually glyph variants of ቍ ኵ ዅ ጕ, preferred in SBG, and supported in SIL PUA as U+E040–E043 (ref. SILEthiopicPrivateUseAreaBlock.pdf, Glyph Variants for 6th form Sebat Bet characters, n2747 Appendix E, uk.wiki). Abyssinica SIL supports them also via font-feature-settings:'cv85': ቍ ኵ ዅ ጕ. Better glyphs (than n2747) are in ethiopic-extensions.pdf.

In the Ethiopic Supplement block [Unicode 4.1]: ᎀ ᎄ ᎈ ᎌ (ሟ ቧ ፏ ፗ are in the Ethiopic block already in Unicode 3.0, named MWA, etc. though they should have been MWAA, etc.)

In the Ethiopic Extended block [Unicode 4.1]: ⷀ ⷈ ⷐ ⷘ (QY KY XY GY: cʼ c ç ɟ (?))

2017-07-04

U+1207 [ ሇ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HOA

Most of the mystery characters (the ones you are not sure in which language they are used) in the Ethiopic block, such as U+1207, are for Me’en and a few other languages that have /ɔ/, but they are no more written with this script. U+12FF [ ዿ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDWA /dʼʷa/ is still mystery, as these langauge do not have C + /ʷ/ + V at all. It is supported in the QSAE ES 781:2002 Ethiopic Standard, and in Ethiopic (Language Neutral) Input Method.

Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic. (Amharic-Amharic (IPA Phonetics))

• Me’en mym: Nilo-Saharan/Eastern Sudanic/Surmic, SNNPR, 157k, Ethi to Latn since 2009
• Dizin mdx: Omotic, SNNPR, 36k, Ethi, Latn since 2008
• Suri suq: also Surmic, SNNPR, 27k, Ethi to Latn since 2009
• Mursi muz: also Surmic, SNNPR, 7k, Ethi also Latn

In short, this is a historical character that was used in a few languages such as Me’en until around 2009, when their orthographies became Latin-based.

Similarly, for the same languages: U+1247 [ ቇ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA, U+1287 [ ኇ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA, U+12AF [ ኯ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KOA (prob.), U+12CF [ ዏ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WOA, U+12EF [ ዯ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YOA, U+130F [ ጏ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GOA (prob.), U+1347 [ ፇ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZOA /sʼɔ/

Also probably for /dʼ/ of the same languages: U+12F8 [ ዸ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDA … U+12FE [ ዾ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDO; but U+12FF [ ዿ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDWA is unused — U+2D8D [ ⶍ ] ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDOA is the right one here, from Ethiopic Ext./Syllables for Me’en (U+2D80–2D92)

2018-09-27 As it turned out, DDA ዸ and PHA ጰ in Me’en are implosives /ɗ/ and /ɓ/ [≈ Sindhi ڏ and ٻ], and now written as “dh” and “bh”, respectively (ref. N2747, Appendix D; Principles and Spec. for Mnemonic Ethi. Keyboards; uk.wiki; Me'en Orthography). The old and current Me’en alphabets are something like this:

ሀ h
ለ l
መ m
ረ r
ሰ s
ሸ sh
ቀ k’

በ b
ተ t
ቸ c [t͡ʃ]
ኀ ng (NOT ጘ)
ነ n
ኘ ny
(አ ’ ? [ʔ])

ከ k
ወ w
ዘ z
የ y
ደ d
ጀ j [d͡ʒ]
ገ g

ጠ t’
ጨ c’ [t͡ʃʼ]
ዸ dh «so-called d’» [ɗ]
ፐ p
ጰ bh «so-called p’» [ɓ]
ፀ s’ (NOT ጸ)
(ዕ [ʕ] ? 6th order only)

2018-09-08 In Unicode, qwă ቈ and qwā ቋ are called QWA and QWAA respectively. Similarly ኈኰጐ are XWA, KWA, GWA, while ኋኳጓ are XWAA, KWAA, GWAA. However, several -wā letters are named -WA (not -WAA) in the Ethiopic block, especially when the letter in question does not have its -wă counterpart in the same block. For example lwā ሏ is called LWA (not LWAA), and a letter for the real LWA (lwă) does not exist. Also, DDWA (if used at all) should have been called DDWAA in the first place. Only ŋwā ጟ is called GGWAA, as this code point is newer, defined after the above-mentioned inconsistency was noticed. Mwā ሟ already had been called MWA (not MWAA) when a new code point for the real MWA (mwă) ᎀ was added; as a workaround, this ᎀ is called SEBATBEIT MWA, with the modifier SEBATBEIT.

Qarahbaš 3 (12) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 5: ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

2013-11-07

001246.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

ܫܰܦܝܪ ܫܶܡܝ̱ ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

My name [See Leshono p. 43; Nöld §146] is beautiful; I am beautiful (fem.abs).

ܘܡܶܢ ܕܰܗܒܐ ܝܰܩܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

And than gold I am more valuable (fem.abs).

ܐܳܦܶܢ ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܒܨܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

Even if in the classroom I am imperfect (bṣīrā)...

ܒܪܰܡ ܕܶܝܢ ܣܰܓܝ ܡܗܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

But (bram), then (dēn), I am trained a lot.

2013-11-08

ܗܐ ܠܒܶܝܬ̥ܣܶܦܪܐ ܩܳܕܡܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

Behold, to school (bēṯ sep̄rā*), I go before [anyone else? prob. = I go ahead]

*sep̄rā is pronounced like ṣep̄rā [Alan Lv2 L47]

ܠܪܰܒܝ ܘܚܰܒܪ̈ܰܝ ܪܳܚܡܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

My teacher and my fellows (schoolmates), I love [them].

ܚܰܒܪܐ a companion; ܚܰܒܪ̈ܐ companions; -ē → -ai “my”

ܚܘܪ ܒܝ ܕܗܳܟ̥ܰܢ ܩܳܝܡܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

Give heed to the me of this kind [that] I am (lit. I stand).

ܚܘܪ ܒ give heed to...

ܠܐ ܗܐ ܛܳܒ ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ

Isn’t it good? I am beautiful!

ܠܐ ܗܐ interrog.—not? is it not so? [Jess. 99]

Wheelock 30: Sententiae Antīquae

2013-11-07

1. Nunc vidētis quantum scelus contrā rem pūblicam et lēgēs nostrās vōbīs prōnūntiātum sit.

Now you guys see how great a crime — against the republic and our laws — has been reported to you.

2. Quam dulcis sit lībertās vōbīs prōtinus dīcam.

I will say to you (=I will tell you) guys right away how sweet liberty/freedom is.

2013-11-09

3. Rogābat dēnique cūr umquam ex urbe cessissent.

Finally he was asking why they had ever withdrawn from the town. (cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum)

4. Nunc sciō quid sit amor.

Now I know what love is.

5. Videāmus uter hīc in mediō forō plūs scrībere possit.

Let’s see which of the two can write more here (hīc) in the middle of the forum.

6. Multī dubitābant quid optimum esset.

Many were unsure (dubitō 1) what was the best (thing to do).

7. Incipiam expōnere unde nātūra omnēs rēs creet alatque.

I will begin to explain whence nature creates and sustains all things.

8. Dulce est vidēre quibus malīs ipse careās.

It is sweet to see from what evils you yourself are free.

9. Auctōrem Trōiānī bellī relēgī, quī dīcit quid sit pulchrum, quid turpe, quid ūtile, quid nōn.

I reread the author of the Troian War, who [quī: relative] says what [quis/quid: interrogative] is beautiful, what is shameful, what is useful, what is not.

2013-11-20

10. Doctōs rogābis quā ratiōne bene agere cursum vītae possīs, utrum virtūtem doctrīna paret an nātūra ingeniumque dent, quid minuat cūrās, quid tē amīcum tibi faciat.

You guys will ask learned men by what method you can pass well the course of [your] life, whether teaching provides virtue or the nature and innate talent give [it to you], what lessens [your] worries, what makes you a friend to yourself (≈how to help yourself).

11. Istī autem rogant tantum quid habeās, nōn cūr et unde.

Those guys/jerks, however, only ask what you have, not why and from where.

12. Errat, quī fīnem vēsānī quaerit amōris: vērus amor nūllum nōvit habēre modum.

He, who looks for the end of insane love, errs: true love knows (nōscō, pf) to have no limit (=knows nothing about having a limit).

13. Sed tempus est iam mē discēdere ut cicūtam bibam, et vōs discēdere ut vītam agātis. Utrum autem sit melius, dī immortālēs sciunt; hominem quidem nēminem scīre crēdō.

But it is time now for me to depart so that I may drink hemlock, and for you guys to depart so that you may lead [your] life. Which of the two, however, is better—immortal gods know; [as for] a human being, indeed, I believe no one knows.

cicūta: Conium maculatum, Apiaceae: (poison) hemlock, ドクニンジン; a poisonous alkaloid, Coniine, is found in it. [Gr. κώνειον = Lat. cōnīum; maculātus=“stained”]

2013-12-04

Evidence and Confession

Sit dēnique scrīptum in fronte ūnīus cuiusque quid dē rē pūblicā sentiat; nam rem pūblicam labōribus cōnsiliīsque meīs ex igne atque ferrō ēreptam esse vidētis.

Let [it] finally have been written (OR: Let it be written, therefore,) on the forehead of one (ūnus, gen. ūnīus) and each one (quisque, gen. cuiusque) [=every single one] WHAT he feels about the republic; for YOU GUYS SEE that the republic has been rescued (ēripiō), with my efforts and plans, from fire and sword.

Haec iam expōnam breviter ut scīre possītis quā ratiōne comprehēnsa sint.

Now I will explain these things briefly so that you guys may be able to know by which reasoning they (=these things) have been understood.

Semper prōvīdī quō modō in tantīs īnsidiīs salvī esse possēmus.

Always I have been cautious by which method (=how) in such a plot (īnsidia, usu. in pl) we could be safe.

2013-12-05

Evidence and Confession (cont.)

Omnēs diēs cōnsūmpsī ut vidērem quid coniūrātī āctūrī essent.

I spent all the days so that I might see what conspirators were going to do.

Dēnique litterās intercipere potuī quae ad Catilīnam ā Lentulō aliīsque coniūrātīs missae erant.

Finally I was able to intercept a letter which had been sent to Catiline from Lentulus and the other conspirators.

Tum, coniūrātīs comprehēnsīs et senātū convocātō, contendī in senātum, ostendī litterās Lentulō, quaesīvī cognōsceretne signum.

Then, conspirators having been arrested and the senate having been convened, I hastened into the sanate, exhibited the letter to Lentulus, [and] asked if he recognized the seal.

Dīxīt sē cognōscere; sed prīmō dubitāvit et negāvit sē dē hīs rēbus respōnsūrum esse.

He said that he recognized [it]; but first he hesitated and SAID that he would NOT answer (respōnsūrus, fut.part. of respondeō) about these things.

Mox autem ostendit quanta esset vīs cōnscientiae; nam repente mollītus est atque omnem rem nārrāvit.

Soon, however, he exhibit how great the force of conscience was; for suddenly he became softened, and told everything.

Tum cēterī coniūrātī sīc fūrtim inter sē aspiciēbant ut nōn ab aliīs indicārī sed indicāre sē ipsī vidērentur.

Then the other conspirators were glancing at each other (OR: one another, if # of conspirators is 3+) SO secretly THAT they seemed to be not accused by others, but accusing themselves.

2013-12-06

A Covered Dish Dinner! LIV

Mēnsās,| Ōle, bo|nās pō|nis, sed| pōnis o|pertās.
Rīdicu|lum~est: pos|sum|| sīc ego~ha|bēre bo|nās. (??)

You place fine dishes, Ōlus, but you place covered [ones].
It is ridiculous: even I am thus able to have good [ones].

¶ pōnō, pōnere, “put, place, set” ¶ opertus, “concealed, covered”

A Legacy-Hunter’s Wish

Nīl mihi dās vīvus; dīcis post fāta datūrum;
sī nōn es stultus, scīs, Maro, quid cupiam!

You give me nothing [while] alive; you say that you will give after [your] death.
If you are not foolish, you know, Maro, what I wish.

Note on a Copy of Catullus’ Carmina

Tantum magna suō dēbet Vērōna Catullō
quantum parva suō Mantua Vergiliō.

So great Vērōna owes to its so Catullus
just like small Mantua (owes) to its Vergil.

Osrhoene

2013-11-05

...Imperial Aramaic...

312 BC - Seleucid Empire: “Old Syriac ... came directly from the local dialects, since here the continuity of written Aramaic had been interrupted by Greek by the end of the 4th cent. B.C.”

Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC - 242? AD[Edessa Urhay Şanlıurfa] “Old Syriac, the official language of the kingdom of Osrhoene, founded by an Arab [Nabataean] dynasty in Edessa in 132 B.C. and surviving until 242 A.D., is known from about 80 inscriptions... of the 1st-3rd cent. A.D. (from 6 A.D.) and from a deed of sale of 243 A.D. It is characterized by an unusually firm orthography. It differs from the later Middle Syriac in certain conspicuous ways (especially: still no diacritics on d/r, the plural etc.; S for *ś; 3rd person imperfect preformative y-). Although there was a Christian church in Edessa as early as 201 A.D. - it was destroyed in the famous flood - all the Old Syriac inscriptions are pagan.” // Jewish Old Babylonian

242? 244? incorporated in the Roman Empire

In the 4th century A.D. and probably in connection with the effort to produce an authoritative Syriac text of the Bible (Pšīttā́), Syriac orthography was reformed to take account of some aspects of the changed basis of pronunciation. This so-called Middle Syriac (literary Syriac) became the ecclesiastical language of the eastern Aramaic-speaking Christians.

324 Constantinople founded

431 Council of Ephesus:
451 Council of Chalcedon
“the Nestorian East Syrians (Nisibis, under Persian rule) separated themselves in 489 ... so that Middle Syriac also split”: In 489, after the Nestorian Schism, the Byzantine emperor Zeno ordered the school summarily closed for its teachings of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars moved back to the School of Nisibis.

502 - c 628 Byzantine–Sasanian wars

c 570 - 632 Muhammad

634-638 Muslim conquest of Syria: “From the 7th cent. A.D. onwards Syriac was pushed back as a spoken language by Arabic, though it remained widespread as an ecclesiastical language until the Mongol upheaval of the 13th cent. A.D.” // The two southern Eastern Middle Aramaic dialects, Jewish Middle Babylonian and Mandaic, differ in fact only in script. Jewish Middle Babylonian, in square script, is the language of the Babylonian Talmud (finished in the 8th cent...)

c 700 - Grammar of Jacob of Edessa

Qarahbaš 3 (10) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 4 [ܐܰܪܒܥܐ]: ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܫܰܦܝܪܬܐ

2013-11-02

0010qE.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܒܰܪܬ̥ܐ ܫܰܦܝܪܬܐ.

Maryam is a beautiful daughter (fem.emph).

ܟܰܕ ܒܨܰܦܪܐ ܩܳܝܡܐ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ، ܟܳܢܫܐ ܐܰܪܥܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ.

When in the morning she wakes up from sleep, she sweeps the floor of the house beautifully. (ܐܰܪܥܐ means “floor” when used with ܒܰܝܬܐ)

ܟܶܢ ܠܳܒܫܐ ܢܰܚܬܐ ܢܰܩܕܐ.

Then she wears clean clothes (mas.emph: notice naḥtā is m. though ending in -tā).

ܡܶܢ ܒܳܬ̥ܰܪ ܕܫܳܬܝܐ ܟܳܣܐ ܕܚܰܠܒܐ، ܫܳܩܠܐ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܡܶܢ ܨܶܡܕܐ، ܘܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ ܘܩܳܪܝܐ.

After (ܡܶܢ ܒܳܬ̥ܰܪ ܕ) she drinks a cup (kāsā) of milk, she takes (ŠQL) a book from [her] bag, and she sits before (qəḏām) the table and she reads.

ܚܙܝ ܗܐ ܩܳܪܝܐ ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܝܠܳܗ̇.

Look! Here! She is reading her lessons.

2013-11-03

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Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

1 ܐܶܡܰܬ̥ܝ̱ ܩܳܝܡܐ ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܡܶܢ ܫܶܢܬ̥ܐ؟

ܗܝ ܩܳܝܡܐ ܒܨܰܦܪܐ.

— When does Maryam wake up from sleep? — She wakes up in the morning.

2 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܕܐ ܟܰܕ ܩܳܝܡܐ؟

ܟܳܢܫܐ ܐܰܪܥܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ.

— What does she do when she wakes up? — She sweeps the floor of the house beautifully.

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܟܶܢ ܠܳܒܫܐ؟

ܠܳܒܫܐ ܢܰܚܬܐ ܢܰܩܕܐ.

— What does she then wear? — She wears clean clothes.

4 ܡܳܢܐ ܫܰܬܝܐ؟

ܫܰܬܝܐ ܟܳܣܐ ܕܚܰܠܒܐ.

— What does she drink? — She drinks a cup of milk.

5 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ؟

ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܩܕܳܡ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ.

— Where does she sit? — She sits in front of the table.

6 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܕܐ ܗܳܫܐ؟

ܩܳܪܝܐ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ.

— What does she do now? — She reads a book.

2013-11-06

Maculine - Feminine — ܐܳܡܪܝܢܰܢ

ܐܳܡܪܝܢܰܢ (ʾāmrīnan) = ܐܳܡܪܝܢ ܚ̱ܢܐ (ʾāmrīn̊ nan) “we say” (m): when contracted, no double n in Alan130; but doubled n in Thackston p. 39. Alan is right. See 2013-12-02.

7 ܛܰܠܝܐ ܩܳܐܶܡ

ܛܠܝܬ̥ܐ ܩܳܝܡܐ

— The boy stands. — The girl stands.

8 ܐܰܚܐ ܠܳܒܶܫ

ܚܳܬ̥ܐ ܠܳܒܫܐ

— The brother wears... — The sister wears...

9 ܐܰܒܐ ܟܳܢܶܫ

ܐܶܡܐ ܟܳܢܫܐ

— The father sweeps. — The mother sweeps.

10 ܬܰܘܪܐ ܪܳܥܶܐ

ܬܘܪܬܐ (ܬܰܘܪܬ̥ܐ) ܪܳܥܝܐ

— The bull browses. — The cow (tōrtā*) browses.

*tōrtā (or tūrtā) is hard-t-fem, coming from the older soft-t-fem form tawrəṯā (Nöld. §49A).

11 ܣܳܒܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ

ܣܳܒܬ̥ܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ

— The old man sits. — The old woman (sāḇṯā*) sits.

*sāḇṯā is soft-t in Nöld. §135, Canada vol. 3, Alan 64; CAL, wikt, hard-t.

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

12 ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܟܳܢܫܐ ܐܰܪܥܐ ܕܒܰܝܬܐ.

Little Maryam sweeps the floor of the house.

ܙܥܘܿܪܝܐ (that Y thing), but ܙܥܘܿܪܬ̊ܐ (No Y thing, hard-t).

Qarahbaš 3 (8) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 3: ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܪܰܒܬ̥ܐ

2013-10-30

0008Hj.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

ܐܳܗ ܡܐ ܦܰܐܝܐ ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ!

Ah, how beautiful (fem abs) the garden is!

ܝܶܫܘܥ، ܚܘܪ ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ.

YešŪʕ (CANADA: Maṯay), look at this garden.

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ ܘܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ.

There are in it roses and flowers.

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܐܳܦ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܳܡܐ.

There are in it also high (mas pl emph) trees.

ܗܐ ܫܰܒܐ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܒܓ̥ܳܘ ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ.

Look, Šabbā is standing in the garden.

ܗܘ ܩܳܛܶܦ ܘܰܪܕܐ ܣܘܡܳܩܐ.

He picks a red (summāq) rose.

ܐܳܗ ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܚܶܙܘܐ ܕܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ.

Ah, how beautiful the view of this garden is.

0009OE.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

Answer by pointing — ܦܰܢܐ ܪܶܡܙܳܢܐܝܺܬ̥

-nāʾīṯ again: ܪܶܡܙܐ — m. a sign; ܪܶܡܙܳܢܐܝܺܬ — adv. by way of a sign

1 ܐܰܝܢܰܐܗ̱ܘ ܛܰܠܝܐ؟

Which is the boy?

2 ܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܐܶܢܘܢ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ؟

Which are (ʾennōn) the trees?

3 ܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܐܶܢܘܢ ܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ؟

Which are the roses?

Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

4 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ؟

ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ، ܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ، ܘܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܳܡܐ.

— What are in our garden? — In our garden there are roses, flowers, and high trees.

ܘܺܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ or ܘܐܺܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ? Alan Lv4 L91 has: ܕܐܲܪܥܵܐ, and not ܕܲܐܪܥܵܐ !

Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Matthew 5:13' has: ܕ݁ܰܐܪܥܳܐ — Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Matthew 3:10' has ܕ݁ܺܐܝܠܳܢܶܐ —

But Alan Lv2 L46 explicitly states: Alâp surrenders its vowel to the prefix in pronunciation and not in writing. Nöld. §33 says: ܒܰܐܝܕ݁ܳܐ “in what (f)” [...] Although this falling away of the ܐ is very ancient, yet the East-Syrians frequently retain it as a consonant in such cases: thus e.g. they prefer to punctuate [...] ܒܐܵܬ݂ܵܐ, without pushing forward the vowel to the preceding consonant, as if it should still be read [...] be̊ʾāthā; but all this without consistency.

2013-10-31

5 ܟܡܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܚܳܙܶܐ ܐܰܒ̱ܬ؟
(ܟܡܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܚܳܙܝܐ ܐܰܒ̱ܬܝ̱؟)

ܚܳܙܶܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.
(ܚܳܙܝܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.)

— How many trees do you see? — I see three trees.

6 ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܕܰܒܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ؟

ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܕܰܒܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܫܰܒܐ.

— What is the name of the boy who is in the garden (daḇ-ganṯā)? — The name of the boy who is in the garden is Šabbā.

7 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܐܺܝܕܐ (ܒܺܐܝܕܐ) ܕܫܰܒܐ؟

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܺܐܝܕܐ ܕܫܰܒܐ ܘܰܪܕܐ.

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܺܐܝܕܶܗ ܘܰܪܕܐ.

— What is in the hand of Šabbā? — There is a rose in the hand of Šabbā. — There is a rose in his hand.

CANADA=ܒܺܐܝܕܐ

Admittedly the way the vowel point is written over the ʾĀlap̄ is slightly confusing. — Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Colossians 4:18' ܫܠܳܡܳܐ ܗܳܢܳܐ ܒ݁ܺܐܝܕ݂ܳܐ ܕ݁ܺܝܠܝ ܕ݁ܦ݁ܰܘܠܳܘܣ (šəlāmā hānā bi(ᵓ)yḏā dīl(y) dəpawlāws)

8 ܠܡܳܢܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܚܶܙܘܐ ܕܓܰܢ̈ܐ؟

ܡܶܛܽܠ ܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ ܫܰܦܝܪܝܢ.

— Why (ləmānā) is the view of gardens (gannē, pl. of ganṯā) beautiful? — Because (meṭṭūl/meṭṭul) flowers are beautiful (šappīrīn=pl.mas.abs; no Seyame §16B).

ܪܰܟܶܒ 3 [ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ] ܦܶܬܓ̥ܳܡ̈ܐ ܥܰܠ «ܘܰܪܕܐ».

RKB: rḵeḇ “to mount; to ride”: Pa. rakkeḇ “to compose”

ܐܰܝܟ: ܘܰܪܕܐ ܫܰܦܝܪܐ ...

1. ܘܰܪܕܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ.
2. ܣܰܪܐ ܩܳܛܦܐ ܘܰܪܕܐ.
3. ܡܐ ܪܰܒ ܘܰܪܕܐ ܗܳܢܐ!

ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

10 ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ ܘܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ.

This garden has in it roses and flowers.

melthofonts-1.21/melthoguide.html

2013-10-27

Fix “11. Garshuni (all keys with Alt+Ctrl)” (1) ‘X’ should be: U+0652 [ ْ ] ARABIC SUKUN; (2) Add ‘`’ as: U+0651 [ ّ ] ARABIC SHADDA

Some Words

2013-10-23

1. ܣܰܘܟܳܐ‎ — f. branch
2. ܓܶܠܐ — m. straw, dried plant
3. ܗܰܘ — m. that
4. ܬܳܩܶܦ — become strong
5. ܢܳܚܶܬ̥ — falling
6. ܡܶܛܪܐ — rain
7. ܬܰܠܓܐ — snow
8. ܨܶܝܕ — toward, near
9. ܬܰܪܥܐ — door
10. ܩܳܐܶܡ — standing
11. ܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ — m. flowers
12. ܪܝܚܐ — m. smell
13. ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ — f. garden
14. ܡܢܝ — count!
15. ܠܰܚܡܳܐ — food, bread
16. ܒܶܣܪܐ — meat
17. ܩܳܠܐ — voice
18. ܪܳܡܐ — high
19. ܐܰܪܥܐ — the earth
20. ܠܳܩܶܛ — gathers
21. ܟܰܪܡܐ — vineyard
22. ܝܵܠܹܦ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ — (Alan 73) “He is learning the Assyrian language”
23. ܥܳܒܶܕ — doing
24. ܗܳܫܐ — now
25. ܣܳܚܶܐ — swims
26. ܢܰܗܪܐ — river
27. ܢܘܢܐ — fish
28. ܣܳܐܶܡ — puts

Karsā (Belly, Womb) is feminine

2013-10-17

Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Titus 1:12', Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Luke 23:29', Analysis of Peshitta verse 'Luke 11:27'

Serto Batnan «Rish-Seyame + Vowel Point» Problem

2013-10-15

In some situations, including when the font data is loaded dynamically via @font-face on IE8 or FF24, Serto Batnan and a few other fonts can not show properly Rish-Seyame with a vowel point above (for example ܪ̈ܶ). Serto Jerusalem = ܪ̈ܶܓ̥ܠܐ — Serto Batnan = ܪ̈ܶܓ̥ܠܐ

Apparently, Serto Jerusalem does not have this problem; Serto Urhoy also seems okay.

Qarahbaš 3 (6) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 2: ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܛܳܒܐ

2013-10-04

000629.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

• ܝܺܕܰܥ (yīḏaʿ OR ʾīḏaʿ [§20]) “to know” — this Peal pf. has ī, because it is a 1st-Y verb. This verb is also 3rd-guttural; its participle has a instead of e in front of the closing guttural.
• This guy is יָדַע in Hebrew. Notice that while 1st-Y (or פ״י) makes the verb weak in Hebrew too, the Paʿal form itself (yādaʿ) is not affected.
• These forms remind me of Greek οἶδα, though most probably the similarity is coincidental.

ܫܶܡܥܘܢ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܛܳܒܐ.

Šemʿūn (Simeon/Symeon/Simon, m.) is a good student. (yālōp̄ā)

ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ، ܟܶܪ̈ܟܐ ܘܩܰܢܝܐ.

He has books (kṯābē), notebooks (kerkē), and a pen.

ܗܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܥܰܠ ܟܶܪܟܐ ܢܰܩܕܐ.

He writes well on [his] clean notebook. (emph)

Today’s Words

2013-10-05

ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ ܘܩܳܪܶܐ ܐܰܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ.

All morning Every morning, he sits on the chair and reads or writes his lessons.

ܕܝܠـ (dīl-) + possessive siffix = “one’s (own)”

ܫܶܡܥܘܢ ܝܳܕܰܥ ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ ܫܰܦܝܪ.

Šemʿūn knows (understands) his lessons well.

ܡܐ ܛܳܒ ܫܶܡܥܘܢ ܟܰܕ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐܰܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ.

How good (abs) Šemʿūn is when he reads or writes!

Today’s Words

Today I wrote the translations in Japanese. This way, I can practice two writing systems at the same time :) They don’t look very good, partly because I’m not good at this in the first place, partly because I’m writing this with a regular mouse on MS Paint. I could probably do this better if I had a pen-like input device.

2013-10-29

0007MB.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

1 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܩܰܢܝܐ؟

Which is the pen?

2 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ؟

Which is the book?

3 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܟܶܪܟܐ؟

Which is the notebook?

4 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ؟

Which is the chair?

5 ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܫܶܡ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܛܳܒܐ؟

ܫܶܡ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܛܳܒܐ ܫܶܡܥܘܢ.

6 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ؟

ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܠ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ.

7 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܶܕ ܟܰܕ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ؟

ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐܰܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ.

8 ܥܰܠ ܡܳܢܐ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪ̈ܓܐ؟

ܗܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܟܶܪܟܐ.

9 ܐܰܪܰܐ ܢܳܛܰܪ ܟܶܪܟܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ ܢܰܩܕܐ؟

ܐܝܢ، ܗܘ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܥܰܠ ܟܶܪܟܐ ܢܰܩܕܐ.

ܐܝܢ، ܟܶܪܟܶܗ ܢܩܶܕ.

9=Does he keep his notebook tidy? / ʾēn = 'yes'

10 ܫܶܡܥܘܢ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܥܰܠ ܟܶܪܟܐ ܢܰܩܕܐ.

Wheelock 30: Practice and Review

2013-09-11

1. Rogāvit ubi illae duae discipulae dignae haec didicissent.

He asked where those two worthy female students had learned this.

2. Vidēbit quanta fuerit vīs illōrum verbōrum fēlīcium.

He will see how great the power of those nice/felicitous words was.

3. Hās īnsidiās repente exposuit nē rēs pūblica opprimerētur.

He exposed this ambush suddenly so that the republic might not be overpowered.

4. Hī taceant et trēs cēterī expellantur nē occāsiōnem similem habeant.

Let them be silent and let the remaining three be expelled so that they may not have a similar opportunity.

5. Ita dūrus erat ut beneficia uxōris comprehendere nōn posset.

He was so harsh/obdurate that he could not understand the benefit/kindness of [his] wife.

6. Cēterī quidem nesciēbant quam ācris esset mēns nātae eōrum.

The others, indeed, did not know how sharp the mind of his daughter was.

2013-09-30

7. Dēnique prīnceps cognōscet cūr potentior pars mīlitum nōs vītet.

At last the leader will recognize why the stronger part of the soldiers is avoiding us.

8. Iam cognōvī cūr clāra facta vērō nōn sint facillima.

I already know why famous deeds/achievements indeed are not the easiest.

9. Quīdam auctōrēs appellābant arma optimum remedium malōrum.

Certain authors used to call weapons the best remedy of bad persons/things.

optimum (neut. acc.) goes with remedium (neut. acc.), not with arma (neut. pl. acc.).

2013-10-01

10. Mortuīs haec arma mox dēdicēmus nē honōre egeant.

Let us soon dedicate these weapons to the dead so that they may not be without honor.

¶ mortuus adj. ¶ mox “soon” ¶ honor, honōris, m. ¶ egeō, egēre, “need, lack”

11. Fātō duce, Rōmulus Remusque Rōmam condidērunt; et, Remō necātō, moenia urbis novae cito surrēxērunt.

Fate being the leader, Rōmulus and Remus founded Roma; and, with Remus having been killed, the walls of the new city quickly rose.

¶ fātum, “fate” ¶ condō, condere, condidī, “put together or into” ¶ necō, “kill” ¶ moenia, n. pl. “walls of a city” Cf. mūrus, Fr. un mur ¶ surgō, surgere, surrēxī, “get up, arise”

2013-10-05

12. Tell me in what lands liberty is found.

Dīc mihi in quibus patriīs/terrīs lībertās inveniātur.

¶ inveniō, invenīre ¶ lībertās, tātis, f.

13. We did not know where the sword had finally been put.

Nescīvimus ubi ferrum dēnique positum esset.

¶ nesciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum ¶ pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum

2013-10-27

14. He does not understand the first words of the little book which they wrote about the constellations.

Nōn intellegit prīma verba libellī quem dē sīderibus scrīpsērunt.

libbelus, m. sīdus, sīderis, n.

15. They asked why you could not learn what the rest had done.

Rogāvērunt cūr nōn possēs discere quod cētērī didicissent/fēcissent.

discō, didicī

16. Let all men now seek better things than money or supreme power so that their souls may be happier.

Omnēs virī meliōra quam pecūniam aut imperium petant nunc ut animī suī sint fēlīciōrēs.

suus/sua/suum [adjectives] = his own/her own/its own/their own
AS OPPOSED TO
eius, eōrum, eārum [genetives] = his/her/their (someone else)

Qarahbaš 3 (4) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 1: ܐܳܪܳܡ ܟܰܫܝܪܐ

2013-09-07

0004UY.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

• ܟܫܰܪ (kšar) “to prosper, succeed, serve well” — pass. part. ܟܰܫܝܪ (kaššīr), ܟܰܫܝܪܐ (kaššīrā) as adj. “diligent, active, brave, excellent, useful” Cf. כָּשֵׁר (kāšēr), kosher

2013-09-08

• ܝܺܠܶܦ (yīlep̄) is a typical 1st-y Peal (§175). However, its Pael form is ܐܰܠܶܦ (allep̄) “teach”. CAL treats this verb as √ʔLP rather than √YLP.
• ܦܨܰܚ (pṣaḥ) “to rejoice, cause rejoicing” — pass. part. as adj. ܦܨܝܚ (pṣīḥ), ܦܨܝܚܐ (pṣīḥā) — These guys look really confusing:
  ܦܨܝܚ (pṣīḥ) vs. ܦܨܚܝ (pəṣḥī)
  Apparently, a dot may be placed below the Yōḏ for disambiguation. I treat this dot as the Eastern ḥḇāṣā, until otherwise proven. Actually, this dot is not a ḤḆĀṢĀ. See 2014-01-07. Examples: ܦܨܝܼܚ (pṣīḥ), ܥܰܒܕܡܫܝܼܚܐ (ʿabdmšīḥā)
  Since Serto Jerusalem does not work very well with this dot, I will switch the main font to Serto Batnan for now. [Baṭnān = An ancient town, W. of Edessa, the capital of Sarug/Serug(h), where Jacob of Serugh was the bishop. Possibly, present-day Suruç, Şanlıurfa.]
  [2013-09-09: Serto Batnan has bigger vowel marks, making it more readable. While Serto Jerusalem looks more elegant and “fluent”, where every loop is beautifully styled, Serto Batnan does have its own beauty too.]

ܐܳܪܳܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܟܰܫܝܪܐ.

Ārām is a diligent (m. emph.) boy.

ܝܺܠܶܦ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ، ܘܰܣܠܶܩ ܠܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

He learned the first book well, and went up to the second class.

¶ ܣܠܶܩ (sleq) “go up”

ܫܒܰܩ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܣܶܕܪܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ.

He left behind (≈finished/graduated from) everything of the first class.

¶ ܡܶܕܶܡ (meddem) m/f “thing(s)” — also in one word, ܟܽܠܡܶܕܶܡ (kulmeddem) “all, all things, everything” [Jess 214]

2013-09-10

ܗܐ ܗܳܫܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

See, now he is sitting in the second class.

ܐܳܪܳܡ ܦܨܝܼܚ ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܗܳܢܐ.

Ārām is happy (m. abs.) in this class.

ܢܺܚܶܐ ܐܳܪܳܡ، ܢܺܚܶܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܟܰܫܝܪܐ.

Go Ārām (lit. Let Aram live), go the hard-working boy!

3rd-Y Revisited

• A 3rd-Y Peal has ā in pf. (sometimes ī if intransitive; often ī in imperat.) [§176]: √QRY ܩܪܳܐ (qrā < *qray) “he read”; √MNY ܡܢܳܐ (mnā) “he counted”; √BKY ܒܟܳܐ (bkā) “he wept” — imperat. ܒܟܝ (bkī)
• √BṢY ܒܨܐ (bṣā) “search, examine” — imperat. ܒܨܝ (bṣī)
• So we have ܚܝܳܐ (ḥyā) “he lived” on √ḤYY “to live”. Part. ܚܳܝܶܐ (ḥāye), ܚܳܝܳܐ (ḥāyā). — imperat. ܚܝܺܝ (ḥyī) — fut. ܢܺܚܶܐ (nīḥe) “he will live” is irregular [§183 (7)].
• A non-Peal pf. has ī, ā in imperat.: √ḤWY Pa. ܚܰܘܝ (ḥawwī) “he showed” — imperat. ܚܰܘܐ (ḥawwā)

2013-09-11

0005UM.jpg (JPEG Image, 619×800 pixels)

Write the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥

Kṯībṯā (?) kəṯīḇtā is “writing”; what is -nāʾīṯ? [The meaning is “in writing”; p. 79]

2013-11-03 āʾīṯ = adverbializer
2013-11-24 kəṯīḇ-ṯā-nā-ʾīṯ — Why is the second t soft? Is this actualaly kəṯī-ḇəṯā-nā-ʾīṯ? Cf. pl. kəṯī-ḇā-ṯā
2014-05-03 āʾīṯ N §155A; kṯīḇtā (p.p. f-emph) should have a hard Tā. But I’m not sure if this adv. is based on kṯīḇtā; there can be several similar forms from √KTB
2015-07-14 Maybe this is from kṯīḇtā (-Tā hard) + āʾīṯ, but if so, where does the n come from?

1 ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܫܶܡ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܗܳܢܐ؟

ܫܶܡ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܐܳܪܳܡ.

— What is the name of this student (yālōp̄ā)? — The name of this student is Ārām.

2 ܡܳܢܐ ܝܺܠܶܦ ܫܰܦܝܪ؟

ܝܺܠܶܦ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ.

— What did he learn well? — He learned the first book well.

3 ܠܰܐܝܢܐ ܣܶܕܪܐ ܣܠܶܩ؟

ܣܠܶܩ ܠܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

— To which class did he go up? — He went up to the second class.

2013-09-12

4 ܐܰܝܢܐ ܟܬܳܒܐ ܫܩܰܠ؟

ܫܩܰܠ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

— Which book did he take (receive)? — He took the second book.

5 ܒܐܰܝܢܐ [ܒܰܐܝܢܐ] ܣܶܕܪܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܳܫܐ؟

ܗܳܫܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

— In which class is he sitting now? — Now he is sitting in the second class.

ܒܐܰܝܢܐ in US (SyriacStudies.com) version; ܒܰܐܝܢܐ in CANADA (SyrianOrthodoxChurch.com) version. CANADA is more correct.

2013-10-01

Look at the lesson and show — ܒܨܝ ܠܗܶܪܓܐ ܘܚܰܘܐ

• √BṢY ܒܨܐ (bṣā) “search, examine” [3rd-Y, see above] — imperat. ܒܨܝ (bṣī)

6 ܟܡܐ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ ܥܗܝܕ (ܥܰܗܝܕ) ܫܶܡ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ؟

ܬܪܶܝܢ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ.

— How many times is the name of qaḏmāyā mentioned? — Two times (twice).

• abs. ܙܒܰܢ (zḇan), emph. ܙܰܒܢܳܐ (zaḇnā), m. “time” — pl. abs. ܙܰܒ̈ܢܺܝܢ (zaḇnīn), emph. ܙܰܒ̈ܢܶܐ (zaḇnē)
  2014-08-01 Usually fem. when used to express an indefinite date or repetition of an action (Jess 110).
• ܥܶܗܰܕ (ʿehaḏ) “remember, recall” [like 1st-A] — pass. part. m. ܥܗܝܕ (ʕəhīḏ) US, or ܥܰܗܝܕ (ʾahīḏ) CANADA [ܫܶܡ is m.] The first cons. in the 2nd form is ʾ and not ʕ. See 2013-11-25. Prob 7 below is written with a both in US and in CA; but in Lesson 8, the form without the vowel a—as in this Prob 6—is used in US version, while CA always uses the form with a. Both are more or less correct.
• ܫܶܡ m. is in the Construct State: Const=Abs in mas sg.

2013-10-02

7 ܟܡܐ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ ܥܰܗܝܕ ܫܶܡ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ؟

ܬܪܶܝܢ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܙܰܒܢܝ̈ܢ.

— How many times is the name of trayyānā mentioned? — Twice.

8 ܒܐܰܝܢܐ ܣܶܪܛܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܡܶܠܰܬ̥: ܣܠܶܩ، ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ؟

«ܝܺܠܶܦ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ، ܘܰܣܠܶܩ ܠܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.» «ܗܐ ܗܳܫܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.»

ܬܠܝܬ̥ܳܝܐ ܣܶܪܛܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܡܶܠܰܬ̥ ܣܠܶܩ، ܘܰܚܡܝܫܳܝܐ ܣܶܪܛܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܡܶܠܰܬ̥ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ. (*)

— In which line is there the word (of): sleq, yāṯeḇ? — “He learned well the first book, and went up (sleq) to the second class.” “See, now he sits (yāṯeḇ) in the second class.” CANADA=ܒܰܐܝܢܐ

2013-11-25: Maybe a better answer is (*): “The third line has the word seleq in it, and the fifth line has the word yāṯeḇ in it.”

• ܡܶܠܐ (mellā) f. “word” [abs]; ܡܶܠܰܬ̥ (mellaṯ) [const], ܡܶܠܬܐ (melləṯā (OR meltā ?)¹) [emph]: fem. Const. ends in -aṯ.
• 2014-04-19 — ¹ melṯā with a soft T (N §81, §87; LS2); CAL melləṯā

Practice writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

9 ܐܳܪܳܡ ܟܰܫܝܪܐ ܣܠܶܩ ܠܣܶܕܪܐ ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ.

Excellent ʾĀrām went up to the second class.

Today’s Words

Memo: Aramaic Dialects

2013-08-31

[oar] OA: Old/Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)
[arc]-Armi OfA: Official/Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)
[jpa] Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (ca. 200-500)
 - Jud: Judean Aramaic: the Aramaic dialect of the documents in Judea, 150 BCE-200 CE?
 - Palestinian Talmud (Jerusalem Talmud)=4/5-c notes on the 2nd-c Mishnah
; Midrashim?
 - Gal: Galilean Aramaic
 - PTA: Palestinian Targumic Aramaic 
[tmr] Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200)
 used basically by Iraqi Jews
 =Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic
 The language of the Babylonian Talmud and of post-Talmudic (Geonic) literature
 - JBA: Talmud (200–500 600 ?)
 - JBAg: Geonic period (650–1250 ca. 600–1050)

"jar" ≈ jpa+tmr (Jewish Aramaic)
 - JLAtg: Targums: tmr or jpa
 - LJLA: Late Jewish Literary Aramaic (1200+ ?)

Historically, tmr was “Talmudic Aramaic”. On 2007-05-16 it was changed to “Jewish Babylonian Aramaic”, while on 2007-07-18 jpa (“Jewish Palestinian Aramaic” which by definition includes Palestinan Talmud) was created.

2013-09-06

Memo: a few dialects of Middle Aramaic (−200–+200)

Palmyrene

A West Aramaic dialect spoken in Palmyra, Syria, in the early c.

Nabat(a)ean

A West Aramaic; the language of the Nabataeans of the current-day Israel, Jordan, etc. −2c–+4c

Qumran

A site in the West Bank. The Dead Sea Scrolls (−4c–+3c) were discovered there.

2015-11-20

[syc-PS] CPA; chr. pal.; Christian Palestinian Aramaic (ca. 500?—)

2016-01-11

[hbo-x-mishnaic] Mishnaic Hebrew: ~1c BCE – 4c CE?
In Stevenson, Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic (1924, 2nd ed. 1962):
OJ = Targums [Onkelos + Jonathan] תַּרְגּוּם
PTM = Palestinian Talmud and [Palestinian] Midashim תַּלְמוּד
OTA = Old Testament Aramaic

2016-10-03

2016-10-07

2017-05-24

Babylonian Vowel Signs: Simulated in Unicode

• בֿ֜ב֬ב֡ ba (bæ bè)
• ב֫ bā (bɔ?)
• ב֞ be (bē)
• ב֗ bi (bī)
• ב֔ bo (bō)
• ב֜ bu (bū)
• בֿ bə

ref. Thomas O[den] Lambdin (revised by John Huehnergard) (2002?): An Introduction To The Aramaic of Targum Onkelos, p. vii WorldCat

Qarahbaš 2 (43) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 21

2013-08-31

Lesson 21, p. 43

• According to CAL, there is a distinction between SYC ܣܶܕܪܐ “row” and JPA סִדְרָא “colonnade, esp. the hall of studies”. This word is used to mean “a classroom” here, perhaps because there is no such word in Classic Syriac.
• ܕܝܠـ (dīl-) + suffix = independent possessive pronoun.

ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܣܶܕܪܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ.

How beautiful our classroom is.

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܚܰܕ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ.

There is one chair in it.

¶ ܟܽܘܪܣܝܳܐ (kursyā) m. “chair”

ܐܳܦ ܚܕܐ ܠܘܚܐ ܘܰܚܕܐ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ.

Also [there are] one blackboard and one table.

¶ ܠܽܘܚܳܐ (lūḥā) f. “tablet” = blackboard

¶ ܛܰܒܠܻܝܬܳܐ (ṭablīṯā / ṭaḇlīṯā ?) ⟦tăbŭla⟧ f. — Neo-Syr. (Literary) [ṭwilétâ] f. “a table of verbs, etc.” — (1) Exactly what does this “table” mean? It is not an item of furniture (mensa). It could be a multiplication table, etc. (2) Why does it have ĕ instead of ă? Dialectal?

Jessie

f. tabula. a) a tablet, plate. b) the flat top or surface of an altar, an altar, a wooden portable altar opp. ܡܰܕܒܚܳܐ an altar of stone. c) arith. a table or column of figures.

LS2

ܛܰܒܠܴܝܬܴ݁ܐ (ṭablāytā), ܛܰܒܠܻܝܬܴܐ (ṭablītā) 1. tabula, mensa; 2. tabula, qua luditur; 3. tabella.

https://archive.org/stream/syriacusthesaur01paynuoft#page/n726/mode/1up

2013-10-27: See Alan 113. ܛܰܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ simply means “table” (furniture)

2013-11-02: While Greek does have τάβλα, this Syriac word might be from Arabic طَاوِلَة, or at least might have been influenced by it. I’m saying this because the Greek word does not mean the furniture, while the Arabic word surely does. After all, if you mean the furniture, the right word would be τράπεζα (mensa), and not τάβλα (tabula).

2013-09-01

ܡܰܠܦܳܢܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ.

The teacher sits on the chair.

ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܘܚܐ.

He writes a lesson on the blackboard.

ܗܐ ܐܰܚܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ.

See, the brother reads the lesson.

¶ ܩܪܳܐ (qrā) √QRY [3rd-Y] “read” — part. ܩܳܪܶܐ (qāre) ܩܳܪܝܳܐ (qāryā)

Today’s Words

2013-09-03

Lesson 21, p. 44

Answer by pointing — ܦܰܢܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܪܶܡܙܐ

1 ܐܰܝܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ ؟

Which is (m) the chair?

2 ܐܰܝܟܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܠܘܚܐ ؟

Where is (f) the blackboard?

3 ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ ؟

Which is (f) the table?

Say the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܡ̈ܶܠܐ

4 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ [ܐܝܬ̥] ܒܣܶܕܪܐ ܗܳܢܐ ؟

ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ، ܠܘܚܐ، ܘܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ.

— What is in this classroom? — There are a chair, a blackboard, and a table in it.

5 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܡܰܠܦܳܢܐ ؟

ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ.

— Where does the teacher sit? — He sits on a chair.

6 ܡܳܢܐ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܥܰܠ ܠܘܚܐ ؟

ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܘܚܐ.

— What does he write on the blackboard? — He writes a lesson on the blackboard.

7 ܡܳܢܐ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܐܰܚܐ ؟

ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ.

— What does the brother read? — He reads the lesson.

Write this line once — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

8 ܡܰܠܦܳܢܐ ܟܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܠܰܢ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܥܰܠ ܠܘܚܐ.

The teacher writes the lesson for us on the blackboard.

So, now, I have finished the 21 lessons of the first volume! It took me four months and one week. I still have a long way to go, but I say this is a good start :)

Pluto & Charon

2013-08-26

Hubble Portrait of the "Double Planet" Pluto & Charon

Qarahbaš 2 (41) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 20

2013-08-20

Lesson 20, p. 41

• ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ is always used in the plural form, with the verb in the sg or in the pl.
• Memo: Some people use the Hebrew word רִבּוּי (ribbūi, “pluralization”) to mean Se̊yāmē (Nöld. §16); Jessie calls it Ribui.

ܚܰܢܰܐ ܐܳܡܪܐ: ܚܘܪ ܪܰܒܝ، ܗܐ ܫܶܡܫܐ ܗܳܫܐ ܕܳܢܰܚ ܥܰܠ ܒ̈ܳܬܐ ܘܥܰܠ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.

Ḥannā Ḥa(n)na says, “Look, Rabbī (OR: Gaʾyā)! See, the sun is now shining on the houses and on the trees.

• ܐܶܡܰܪ (ʾemar) “say, speak”
• ܗܳܫܐ (hāšā) “(just) now, lately”
• Fonts that support the ligature ܠ ܐ include Serto Jerusalem, Serto Kharput, and Serto Malankara. Not on Firefox17 / Yes on FF24.
• ܒܰܝܬܳܐ (baytā) m/f, pl. ܒ̈ܳܬܶܐ (bātē) — irregular [§146]

2013-08-21

ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܗܳܢܐ!

How beautiful (m. abs.) this dawn is!

¶ ܨܰܦܪܐ (ṣap̄rā) m. “early morning, day break, dawn”

ܨܶܦܪܐ ܙܳܡܪܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܘܟܐ.

A sparrow is singing (f) on a branch.

¶ ܙܡܰܪ (zmar) “sing”

¶ ܣܰܘܟܐ (sawkā) f. “bough, branch, twig”

ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܪܳܥܝܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܡܰܪܓܐ.

The flock (f) is grazing within the meadow.

¶ ܡܰܪܓܐ (margā) m. “meadow” — CAL says Iranian [Kurdish: mêrg, مێرگ]. (pl. mærḡē (soft g), WSy mærgē) Cf. Armenian մարգ (marg) “meadow, field”. Arabic مرج (marj).

2016-11-19 Parthian [xpr]: 𐭌𐭓𐭂 (mrg) /marɣ/ “wood, meadow” @ Dict. of MMP&P 230b

2013-08-25 Kurdish (Kurmanji) ê = [e] (sometimes [i]-like), as opposed to e = [æ]. Example: gêzer, /ɡezæɾ/ f. “carrot”; Audio files, Reference Grammar
In Soranî: گێزەر — Some people use U+0647 [ ه ] ARABIC LETTER HEH + ZWNJ instead of U+06D5 [ ە ] ARABIC LETTER AE: گێزه‌ر (Cf. kurdish sorani, ە - ویکیپیدیا)
Unicode 6.2 TUS ch8 p. 264 says “Among the extended Arabic characters used exclusively for Soraní are U+0695 [ ڕ ] ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW (for the Kurdish flap r) and…”; this should be trilled r, not flap. See: Sorani Kurdish Reference Grammar, p. 5.

2013-08-25

Lesson 20, p. 42

Say the answer — ܦܰܢܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܡ̈ܶܠܐ

1 ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܫܶܡ ܛܠܝܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ؟

ܫܶܡ ܛܠܝܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ܚܰܢܰܐ.

— What is the name of this girl? — The name of this girl is Ḥa(n)na.

2 ܡܳܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܗܳܢܐ ؟

ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܓܰܐܝܐ.

— What is the name of this boy? — The name of this boy is Gaʾyā. (Perhaps this is a classroom question which you can not answer when teaching yourself.) (I’ll use “Gaʾyā” anyway.)

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܳܡܪܐ ܚܰܢܰܐ ؟

ܗܝ ܐܳܡܪܐ: ܚܘܪ ܪܰܒܝ، ܗܐ ܫܶܡܫܐ ܗܳܫܐ ܕܳܢܰܚ ܥܰܠ ܒ̈ܳܬܐ ܘܥܰܠ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.

— What does Ḥa(n)na say? — She says, “Look, teacher, see, the sun now shines on houses and on trees.”

4 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܙܳܡܪܐ ܨܶܦܪܐ ؟

ܨܶܦܪܐ ܙܳܡܪܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܘܟܐ.

— Where does the sparrow sing (f)? — The sparrow sings on the branch.

5 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܪܳܥܝܐ ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ؟

ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܪܳܥܝܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܡܰܪܓܐ.

— Where does the flock graze (f)? — The flock grazes within the meadow.

2013-08-30

Complete the sentence — ܫܰܠܶܡ ܠܦܶܬ̥ܓ̥ܳܡ̈ܐ

6 ܚܰܢܰܐ ܐܳܡܪܐ : ܚܘܪ ܓܰܐ......

ܚܰܢܰܐ ܐܳܡܪܐ : ܚܘܪ ܓܰܐܝܐ.

̣Ḥanna says, “Look, Gaʾyā.”

7 ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܗܳܢܐ ܨܰܦ.....

ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܗܳܢܐ ܨܰܦܪܐ!

How beautiful this dawn is!

8 ܨܶܦܪܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܘܟܐ......

ܨܶܦܪܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܒܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܘܟܐ ܘܙܳܡܪܐ.

The sparrow is sitting on the branch and singing. (This may be a bit strange question; depending on the way you see it, the given sentence is already complete.)

9 ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܪܳܥܝܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܡܰܪܓܐ......

ܥܳܢ̈ܳܐ ܪܳܥܝܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܡܰܪܓܐ ܗܳܢܐ.

The flock is grazing within this meadow. (This is strange; there is nothing to add to the given sentence.) (I’ll add “this” anyway.)

Write this line once — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

10 ܚܘܪ ܓܰܐܝܐ ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܚܶܙܘܐ ܕܫܶܡܫܐ.

Look, Gaʾyā, how beautiful the appearance of the sun is.

ܚܶܙܘܐ (ḥezwā) m. “appearance, form, figure”

Memo: Iranian Languages

2013-08-21

1. Persian (فارسی‎ — فارسی) [fa] (57 mil), Western/Southwestern
   • Iranian Persian [pes] (47 mil): AKA West Persian; a few speakers are in Iraq.
   • Dari (دری‎ — دری, Afghan Persian) [prs] (10 mil): retains older pronunciation; 1m speakers in Pakistan (mostly refugees or settlers from Afghanistan [2016-12-05]).
   • Tajik(i) (тоҷикӣ: ҷ = /d͡ʒ/) [tg] (4.5 mil, incl. 1 mil in Uzbek.): technically not [fa]; grammar almost identical to the Classic New Persian; 1m speakers in SE Uzbekistan (Samarkand, Bukhara, etc.).
2. Pashto (پښتو‎ — ښ = /ʂ~ç~x/) [ps] (~40 mil), Eastern/Southeastern: spoken by around 40% of Afghans (12 mil), 15% of Pakistanis (28 mil)
   • Southern Pashto [pbt] (11 mil) has [ʂ, ʐ]; Central Pashto [pst] (7 mil) has [ç, ʝ]; Northern Pashto [pbu] (21 mil) has [x, ɡ]. [2014-08-20]
   • 2016-11-09: pbt 6 mil in Afg (Kandahar), 5 mil in Pak (Quetta, with [ʃ, ʒ]); pbu 19 mil in Pak (Peshawar), 2 mil in Afg (Jalalabad); pst 7 mil in Pak (possibly [ʃ, ʒ]).
3. Kurdish [ku] (30 mil), Western/Northwestern
   • Northern Kurdish (Kurmancî, Kurmanji) [kmr] (20 mil): Turkey — Latin script developed in 1932 [with êîûçş; The Unified Alphabet uses éíúù etc. instead].
   • Central Kurdish (Soranî, سۆرانی) [ckb] (7 mil): Iraq, Iran; Soranî alphabet [non-abjad Perso-Arabic, with ێ (ê), ۆ (o), etc.]
   • Southern Kurdish (Kełhuřî, كەڵهوڕی*) [sdh] (3+ mil): Iran (Kermanshah, etc.); Perhaps similar to Laki; Arabic script
     • *2016-12-02 کەڵھوڕی is encoded with U+06BE [ ھ ] ARABIC LETTER HEH DOACHASHMEE: maybe it should be كەڵهوڕی simply with U+0647 [ ه ] ARABIC LETTER HEH. Sometimes also written as كەڵهۆڕی (Kełhořî).
4. Balochi (بلوچی‎ — بلوچی: balōčī ?) [bal] (7 mil), Western/Northwestern: Urdu-like script, Nastaliq style; sometimes in Latin script; Pakistan, Iran
   • Southern Balochi [bcc] (3.4 mil: Pak 2.8/Iran 0.4/Oman 0.1/UAE 0.1); Eastern Bal. [bgp] (1.8 mil in Pak); Western Bal. [bgn] (1.8 mil: 1.1 in Pak, 0.5 in Iran, 0.2 in Afghan)
   • Balochi is NW even though spoken in southern areas including UAE/Oman. Legend has it that the Baloch people originally lived in Aleppo. [2014-08-18]
5. Others include:
   • Mazanderani [mzn] & Gilaki [glk]: Northwestern, Caspian lanaguages spoken in northern Iran, in the Māzandarān and Gīlān provinces respectively, both on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Reportedly each of the two languages had 3.3 mil speakers in 1993; in 2011, the population of the Mazandaran province was 3.1 mil, and that of the Gilan province was 2.5 mil. Arabic script. [2014-08-16]: 2.3+2.8 mil [2016-12-05]
   • Luri [lrc][bqi][luz] (~3 mil), SW like pes, Iran;
   • Hazaragi (Hazāragi) [haz] (2.2 2.3 mil), Afghanistan // 2014-10-12: related to Afghan Persian, Hazara people; // 2015-01-04: In Hazārajāt (the central highlands of Afghanistan, incl. Bāmyān). Many words of Mongolian origin. Has retroflex ʈ/ɖ. [Iranica]
   • 2016-11-04
     • The est. # of speaker 2.3 mil; 283,000 in Iran (1993) updated as 368,000 in Iran (2015 J. Leclerc), both saying “Population increased significantly due to influx of Hazaragi-speaking refugees from Afghanistan” and “1,770,000 in Afghanistan (2000)”, “157,000 in Pakistan (2000)”. This may mean that the # of spakers in Afg. is decreasing, and the total # might be still about the same.
     • Hazaragi is the fourth most-spoken dialect of Persian, after pes, prs, and tg/tgk (Luri is in a different group); or it can be seen as a sub-dialect of prs (Dari), although fas is defined as pes+prs.
     • The four major nationalities in Afg. are the Pashtuns, the Tajiks, the Hazaras, and the Uzbeks. As the Hazaras are a Shiite minority in a Sunni dominated country, they have been discriminated against in many ways. As such, Hazaragi was once considered as a “low-status” dialect of Dari. (Attitudes Toward Hazaragi [PDF]).
     • (Quotations from the above.) Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari. There are a few phonetic differences between Hazaragi and Dari, both in consonants and vowels. The main difference between the two varieties other than lexical differences is phonetic variations and accent. Mousavi also claims that Hazaragi is comprised of 80% Persian, 10% Mongolian and 10% of words from other languages. Even though Dari does have a number of Turkish words in it, Hazaragi is richer in Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary.
   • Zazaki (Zaza, Dimili) [zza]=[diq]+[kiu] (1.6 mil), NW (Zaza-Gorani), Turkey;
   • Laki [lki] (1.0 mil), NW (Kurdish), Iran;
   • Talysh [tly] (0.9 mil), NW (Talysh), Azerbaijan/Iran;
   • Aimaq [aiq] (0.65 mil) // 2014-10-12: a dialect of Afghan Persian, 480K in AF, 170K in IR, not written;
   • Ossetic (Ossetian) [os] (0.6 mil), Eastern/Northeastern, Russia
   • Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi) [jpr] (60K in IL)
   • Parsi-Dari [prd];
   • Gurani [hac];
   • Takestani [tks].

2018-10-20

1) Avestan
2) Central      --+- Sogdic-Ossetic (“Northeastern”)
    Iranian PBS   |
                  +- Central ---+- Bactrian
                      Ir. PB    |
                                +- Northwestern Iranian
                                  (Balochic, Laki-Kurdish, Parthian, ...)
3) ...
4) Pashto (“Southeastern”)
...
8) Southwestern --+- Old Persian
       Iranian    |
                  +- Middle-Modern ------+- Pahlavi
                           Persian       |
                                         +- Modern SW Iranian
                                            incl. Farsic -----+- Eastern (Dari, Tajikic, ...)
                                                              |
                                                              +- Western (W. Persian)
9) ...
10) ...

2014-08-20

Five additional letters in the Tajik alphabet.

• U+0492 [ Ғ ][ ғ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH STROKE /ʁ/
• U+049A [ Қ ][ қ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH DESCENDER /q/
• U+04B2 [ Ҳ ][ ҳ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA WITH DESCENDER /h/
• U+04B6 [ Ҷ ][ ҷ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE WITH DESCENDER /dʒ/ ¶ 2014-12-10: масҷид = مسجد. This is not /ʒ/, which is written as ж (Latin ƶ, Persian ژ).
• U+04E2 [ Ӣ ][ ӣ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON /iː/ ¶ 2014-12-10: yi- or iy-like sound: /ij, ʔi, ji(ː)/
• U+04EE [ Ӯ ][ ӯ ] CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON /ɵ/

12 Additional letters for Pashto

1. U+067C [ ټ ] ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING [ʈ]
2. U+0689 [ ډ ] ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING [ɖ]
3. U+0693 [ ړ ] ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING [ɺ̢]/[ɻ] (see below)
4. U+06AB [ ګ ] ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING [ɡ] — OR گ like in Persian
5. U+06BC [ ڼ ] ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING [ɳ]
6. U+0696 [ ږ ] ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE [ʐ][ʒ][ɡ~ʝ][ɡ]
7. U+069A [ ښ ] ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE [ʂ][ʃ][ç][x]
8. U+0681 [ ځ ] ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE [d͡z]
9. U+0685 [ څ ] ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE [t͡s]
10. U+0626 [ ئ ] ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE [əi], [j]
11. U+06CD [ ۍ ] ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH TAIL [əi]
12. U+06D0 [ ې ] ARABIC LETTER E [e]

12 “new” letters = (α) 5 ring guys + (β) 2 dot-below-and-dot-above guys + (γ) 2 additional Ḥā mods (in addition to Persian Che) + (δ) 3 additional Yā mods (in addition to “dotless” Yā).

28 basic Arabic letters (often Persian-style Kāf) + 4 Persian guys minus Gāf (Pe/Che/Zhe) + 1 Dotless Yā counted as a separate letter = 32 Letters^*. Add to them the above 12 letters; the total sum is 44 (not counting Hamza as a letter).

* 2014-12-10: IOW the Persian 32 Letters minus Gāf plus Dotted Y = 32 Letters.

1. One of the 5 ring guys is just a different version of گ. The other 4 ring guys are for retroflex phonemes. 3 of them, Ṭe/Ḍāl/Ṇūn are easy to understand. The other one, Ṛe, denotes the retroflex version of alveolar lateral flap [ ɺ ], that is, retroflex lateral flap [ ɺ̢ ] (PUA: [  ]), with an approximant allophone [ ɻ ] used finally. IOW: a dark L-ish flap and a dark L-ish (but central) approximant. (The same phoneme can be lateral and centeral depending on position, possibly somewhat like Japanese R.)
2. 2 dot-below-and-dot-above guys are originally retroflex: [ʂ] and [ʐ]. In the SW dialect (in Kandahar), they are indeed pronounced that way. In different dialects, they may be pronounced as [ʃ] and [ʒ], [ç] and [ɡ~ʝ], or [x] and [ɡ].
3. 2 Ḥā mods are for [t͡s] and [d͡z] (in some dialects, [s] and [z]). The one with three dots is voiceless, like Persian چ (yet another Ḥā mod used in Pashto). The other one has a small Hamza, implying it is “vowel-like” i.e. voiced.
4. 3 Yā mods are vowels. Including the normal Yā and the dotless Yā (FARSI YEH), there are 5 Yā-like letters (“Yē” in Pashto) in total.

2014-08-21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IxkHRyiv1c

2015-01-05 (1) U+0626 [ ئ ] ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE is used in Arabic and Persian too, though it is not counted as an independent letter there. In Peshto, U+0678 [ ٸ ] ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA YEH could be used instead. (2) U+06C0 [ ۀ ] ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE is used in the “Peshawar orthography”, where it stands for a short vowel (/a/ or /ə/), as opposed to /h/. (3) 5 Ye letters are not necessarily for different sounds; some of them are used as “grammatical diacritics” like Seyame.

2014-08-29

Peshto ṛ (retroflex lateral flap)

ړ is transliterated as rr or ṛ, but it’s basically ḷ — a retroflex L, unless final. This phoneme (when not final) is a flap; compared with the normal [ɭ], it is smooth, expressionless, and less noisy. The following audio samples are taken from Pashto: First Grade Lesson 17 (Uploaded on Jan 6, 2009) by Alliance Bay Realty.

• ړوند /ɺ̢und/  rrund.ogg (69 KiB)
• سړی /saɺ̢ai/ (sounds like [-ɛi])  sarrai.ogg (86 KiB)

2014-12-29

Arabic Names and Persian Names of Letters

(1) Remember 3 names: ALEF, ʾEYN, ḠEYN. (2) If an Arbic name ends in ā, the Persian name for it is -e, except for Ṭā/Ẓā. (3) The other Persian names are more or less like Arabic ones.

ʾÈlif = alef /ælef/; Bā = be; pe⁺¹; Tā = te*1; Ṯā = se*2; Ǵīm = jīm /dʒiːm/; če⁺² /tʃ/; Ḥā = he*5; Ḵā /χ/ = ḵe /x/; Dāl = dāl /dɒːl/; Ḏāl = zāl*3

Rā = re; Zāy (Zā) = ze*3; že⁺³ /ʒe/; Sīn = sīn*2; Šīn = šīn; Ṣād = sād*2; Ḍād = zād*3; Ṭā = tā*1; Ẓā = zā*3; ʕayn = ʾeyn; Ḡayn /ʁ/ = ḡeyn /ɣ,ɢ/*4

Fā = fe; Qāf = qāf /ɣ,ɢ,q/*4; Kāf = kāf; gāf⁺⁴; Lām = lām; Mīm = mīm; Nūn = nūn; Hā = #he*5; Wāw = #vāv /v,w/; Yā = ye

• +1 … +4 = “new” letters that do not exist in the Arabic alphabet.
• *1 … *5 = each group shares the same sound in Persian; e.g. not only س, but ث and ص equally mean /s/. As a result, there are two letters that have the same name “he”.
• #In the Persian alphabet, و comes before ه.
• *4 In Classic Persian, /ɣ/ and /q/ [ɢ] — more or less like Arabic, and still kept that way in Dari. In modern Tehrani Persian, both are [ɢ] or, if unstressed, like [ɣ].

2015-01-03

Persian Vowels

Persian phonology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Historically, ā /ɒː/ is long; a /æ/ is short. This happens to be like Syriac.
• بِ without ی is semi-wide /e/. ī with ی is very narrow, and is historically long. Again, somewhat like Syriac. Dari still has ī and ē, whereas Persian only has ī.
• Similarly, بُ without و is semi-wide /o/, while the one with و is narrow /ū/. However, بُ with و can be /o/ too in a few cases. It seems that historically there were two U’s (long ū and short u) and one O (ō, historically short?). Dari still has ū and ō, whereas Persian only has ū. This happens to be like West Syriac ū and East Syriac ō.
• پدر (pedar) “father” /pɛdær/. “p” is quite strong (aspirated). “e” is near [ɛ], wider than [e]. “d” sounds sharp and hard. “a” is said to be [æ], but sounds a bit dark, like [ɐ]. “r” is trilled.
• برادر (barādar) “brother” /bærɔːdær/ Again, /æ/ sounds dark, is not very fronted. The long “ā” is probably like West Syriac.
• دوست (dūst) “friend” /duːst/ Originally dōst; so this is like West Syriac. -st sounds very sharp.

2015-01-04

More Examples

ایران (ʾīrān {often -un in Iran}, Classic/Dari ʾērān) is a good example, where Iranian Persian is exactly like West Syriac while Dari is like East Syriac, except that ā is [ɒ(ː)] in both. We may write this one as ʾḗrān, where ḗ means exactly what it means in Syriac (originally ē, and still ē in East, but ī in West).

خانه (xānä) “house” /χɒːne/ ه at the end is originally “a”, but -e in Iranian Persian. Still хона in Tajiki. Similarly, ویژه (vīže) “special”.

چوب (čṓb) “wood”.

2016-11-25

More about Persian Vowels

D. C. [Douglas Craven] Phillott (1918), Higher Persian Grammar says: The original Persian vowel system was that of the Sanskrit, with the semi-vowel ṛi peculiar to the latter excluded. (p. 22) Indeed, Early New Persian has a/ā, i/ī, u/ū, plus always long e and o. He goes on:

When و and ی follow a consonant unmarked by a short vowel or by jazm [=sukūn], they were said to have an open sound called مجهول majhūl [in Arabic], or “unknown” (i.e. unknown to the Arab invaders); Ex. مور mor [mōr] an ant, شیر sher [šēr] “a lion”¹; but when a و was preceded by a consonant pointed with ‏ ُ  or a ی with ‏ ِ , then the sound was called معروف maʻrūf or “known”; Ex. مُوش mūsh “a mouse”: شِیر shīr “milk.”

The majhūl sounds o [ō] and e [ē] are still preserved in the Persian spoken by Afghans and Indians {#1}, but they are now unknown in Persia: in modern Persian² “an ant” is called mūr, and there is nothing in pronunciation to distinguish the word for “lion” from shīr “milk.”

¹ In Persia lion is شیر “shīr” […]

² i.e. in Persia. […]

Thus, Early New Persian mōrča (from Middle Persian mōr and the diminutive suffix -ča) is mōrča [-æ] in Dari, but mūrče in Iranian. It is mürča in Tajik, where ü is [ɵ(ː)] or simply [u].

(شیر - Wiktionary) “A lion” is /šagr/ [*ʃaɣr] in Middle Persian (Pahlavi), šēr in Early New Persian: still [ʃeːɾ] in Dari, [ʃe(ː)ɾ] in Tajik, but [ʃi(ː)ɾ] in Iranian. Cf. Mandarin 獅 (shī).

2016-11-26 {#1} Before the arrival of the British, Muslims and educated Hindus in India learned Persian, the official language of administration, rather than Urdu. Around 1850s, the British changed the official languages from Persian to Urdu and English, but in 1850s, Persian was still commonly taught at school, and was much more popular than Urdu. [Rahman, Tariq (2000). The Teaching of Urdu in British India] In 1910s, when Phillott wrote this book, probably there were many people, especially elder persons, in India who spoke Persian as a second language.

2016-01-26

Ossetic (Ossetian)

450K in Russia [mostly in North Ossetia], roughly 100K in Georgia [45K ? in South Ossetia, 40K ? in Georgia proper]; the real number of speakers is much lower than officially stated and is steadily decreasing due to growing urbanization and the influence of Russian (Ossetic Grammatical Studies)

Vladikavkaz / Владикавказ, the capital of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia.

2016-01-27

Caucasus Region

Caucasus Region: Ethnolinguistic Groups 1995, Caucasus Region 1994, Russia: Administrative Divisions 1994, Russia - Autonomous Areas in Russia 1996

Qarahbaš 2 (39) — ܗܶܪܓܐ 19

2013-08-16

Lesson 19, p. 39

• ܚܰܝܘܐ (ḥaywā/hēwā) f. “animal”, ܚܰܝܘܬ̥ܐ (ḥayyūṯā) f. “life” — In Syriac, these two words have been essentially merged (CAL). The plural form is from the latter, as the “kingdom” type (e.g. ʾāṯūṯā—ʾāṯwāṯā, malkūṯā–malkwāṯā). Nöld. §76

ܗܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܚܰܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ.

There are animals in this forest.

ܕܶܒܐ، ܬܰܥܠܐ، ܢܶܡܪܐ ܘܐܰܪܝܐ [ܘܰܐܪܝܐ].

A bear, a fox, a leopard, and a lion.

¶ ܕܶܒܐ (debbā) m/f “bear”

ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܐܳܟ̥̈ܠܳܢ ܒܶܣܪܐ.

These (m/f) eat (pl. f.) flesh.

¶ ܐܶܟܰܠ (ʾeḵal) “eat”, act. part. ܐܳܟܶܠ (ʾāḵel), ܐܳܟܠܐ (ʾāḵlā) — pl. ܐܳܟܠܝܢ (ʾāḵlīn), ܐܳܟ̈ܠܳܢ (ʾāḵlān)

¶ ܒܶܣܪܐ (besrā) m. “flesh”

ܒܰܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܚܰܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ:

There are animals in a house (m).

ܓܰܡܠܐ، ܥܶܙܐ، ܐܶܡܪܳܐ ܘܬܰܘܪܐ.

A camel, a goat, a lamb (ʾëmrā), and a bull.

ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܪܳܥܶܝܢ ܥܶܣܒܐ.

These graze (m. pl. rāʕeyn=rāʕēn) grass.

Today’s Words

2013-08-17

Lesson 19, p. 40

Where is it? — ܚܘܪ ܒܨܘܪܬܐ ܘܚܰܘܐ

• ܚܳܪ (ḥār) √ḤWR “look at”; with ܒ “give heed to” — imperat. ܚܘܪ (ḥūr) [§177]
• ܚܰܘܐ (ḥawwā) √ḤWY Pa. “Show!”

1 ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܕܶܒܐ ؟

Which is (aydā-y/ēḏā-y, f.) the bear?

2 ܐܰܝܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܓܰܡܠܐ ؟

Which is (m.) the camel?

3 ܐܰܝܢܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܐܰܪܝܐ ؟

Which is (m.) the lion?

4 ܐܰܝܕܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܥܶܙܐ ؟

Which is (f.) the goat?

Today’s Words

ḥay-yuw-ṯā — ḥay-wā-ṯā

Memo

Installed: NTP daemon program 4.2.6p5 and NTP Time Server Monitor 1.04 (Meinberg NTP Software Downloads).

2015-01-12: Updated to 4.2.8.

2013-08-18

What do animals eat? — ܡܳܢܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܠܳـ̈ܢ ܚܰܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ

ܐܰܝܟ: ܬܰܘܪܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܥܶܣܒܐ.

5 ܢܶܡܪܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ......

ܢܶܡܪܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܒܶܣܪܐ.

6 ܕܺܐܒܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ......

ܕܺܐܒܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܒܶܣܪܐ.

ܕܺܐܒܐ (dēḇā) m/f “wolf”

7 ܓܰܡܠܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ......

ܓܰܡܠܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܥܶܣܒܐ.

8 ܐܶܡܪܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ......

ܐܶܡܪܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܥܶܣܒܐ.

9 ܬܰܥܠܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ......

ܬܰܥܠܐ ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܒܶܣܪܐ.

Write this line once — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ

10 ܥܳܒܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܣܰܓܝ ܚܰܝܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ. ܐܰܝܟ: ܕܺܐܒܐ ܘܰܐܪܝܐ.

There are many animals in the forest, like a wolf and a lion.

When a word beginning with an ʾĀlap̄ takes a prefix (bḏol), that ʾĀlap̄ becomes silent and vowelless, while the prefix gets the vowel that was originally attached to the ʾĀlap̄ (Alan 45, 46):
w + ʔaryā = waʔ̊ryā
In other words, the “Hamza” falls off when preceded by a prefix.

Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica)

• While in Africa lions live in savanna grasslands, Asiatic (Indian) lions live in dry forests.
• Historically, they lived in a wide area from Greece to India.
• There were lions in Mesopotamia and Persia until the 19th century; in Iran and western India (and perhaps in Pakistan) until the 20th century. (Qarahbash’s textbooks were written around 1960.)
• Now in the 21st century, Asiatic Lion are found only in the Gir Forest, Gujarat, India.

Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest (2011)  ܐܲܪ̈ܝܲܘܵܬ݂ܵܐ (*Alan 63 has yā instead of yă)

Today’s Words

Wheelock 29

2013-08-16

Practice and Review

1. Prīnceps arma meliōra in manibus mīlitum posuit, ut hostēs terrērent.

The leader placed better weapons in the hands of [his] soldiers, so that they might terrify the enemy.

¶ pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum, “put” ¶ mīles, mīlitis, m.

2. Hostēs quidem negāvērunt sē arma dissimilia habēre.

The enemy, indeed, denied that they had different weapons.

3. Pars mīlitum lūcem diēī vītāvit nē hīc vidērentur.

A part of the soldiers avoided the light of day so that they might not be seen here.

¶ hīc, “here” ≠ hĭc, “this”

2013-08-17

4. Sōlem prīmam lūcem caelī superī, lūnam prīmam lūcem vesperī, et stēllās oculōs noctis appellābant.

They used to call the sun “the first light of heaven above”, the Moon “the first light of evening”, and the stars “the eyes of night”.

5. Illī adulēscentēs sapientiae dēnique cēdant ut fēlīciōrēs hīs sint.

Those young persons should finally yield to wisdom so that they may be happier than these persons.

¶ dēnique, adv. “last, finally” ¶ cēdō, cēdere, “go, yield to, submit”

6. Sapientēs putant beneficia esse potentiōra quam verba acerba et turpia.

Wise persons think that favors are more powerful than harsh and filthy words.

7. Quīdam magister verba tam dūra discipulīs dīxit ut discēderent.

A certain teacher said such harsh words to his students that they left (him).

¶ discēdō, discēdere, “go away, depart” [dis- “appart” + cēdō “go”]

2013-08-18

8. Respondērunt auctōrem hōrum novem remediōrum esse medicam potentissimam.

They answered that the inventor of these nine remedies was a very able doctor (f).

¶ respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum, “answer” ¶ medicus, m. and medica, f. “doctor”

9. Nihil vērō tam facile est ut sine labōre id facere possīmus.

Nothing, in fact, is so easy that we can do it without work/effort.

10. Prō labōre studiōque patria nostra nōbīs plūrimās occāsiōnēs bonās praestat.

In return for [our] effort and eagerness, our country offers us (lit. to us) very many good opportunities.

¶ praestō, praestāre, “exhibit, show, offer” — praestat is indic., not praestet subj.

11. Parentēs plūrima ōscula dedērunt nātae gracilī, in quā maximam dēlectātiōnem semper inveniēbant.

The parents [then*] gave very many kisses to their thin daughter, in whom they always found the greatest pleasure.

* dedērunt as opposed to dabant. The daughter was always (impf.) their greatest pleasure; then at one point of time, they kissed (pf.) her.

¶ parēns, parēntis, m/f. ¶ ōsculum, n. “kiss” ¶ nāta, f. “daughter” ¶ gracilis, gracile, “slender, thin” ¶ dēlectātiō, dēlectātiōnis, f. “delight, pleasure” [from dēlectō “delight”; also cognate with “delicious”] ¶ inveniō, invenīre, “come upon, find”

2013-08-19

12. The words of the philosopher were very difficult, so that those listening were unable to learn them.

Verba philosophī difficillima fuērunt ut illī audientēs ea discere nōn possent.

13. The two women wished to understand these things so that they might not live base lives.

Duae feminae haec comprehendere cupīvērunt nē vītās turpēs vīverent.

14. Those four wives were so pleasant that they received very many kindnesses.

Illae quattuor uxōrēs tam iūcundae fuērunt/erant ut plūrima beneficia accipiēbant.

¶ accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum

15. He said that the writer’s third poem was so beautiful that it delighted the minds of thousands of citizens.

Dīxit tertium poēma/carmen scrīptōris/auctōris esse tam bellum/pulchrum ut mentēs/animōs mīlium cīvium dēlectāret.

¶ poēma, poēmatis, n. ¶ dēlectō, dēlectāre. ¶ mēns, mentis, f. ¶ mīlle is indeclinable in the singular, but the plural form mīl-ia functions as a neuter i-stem noun (e.g. mīl-ium, mīl-ibus; mīlia virōrum “thousands of men”).

2013-08-20

Sententiae Antquae

1. Omnia vincit Amor; et nōs cēdāmus Amōrī.

Love conquers everything; and we—let us yield to Love.

¶ amor, amōris, m. ¶ cēdō, cēdere, “go, withdraw, yield to, submit, grant”

2. Urbem clārissimam condidī; mea moenia vīdī; explēvī cursum quem Fāta dederant.

I have built a most famous city; I have seen the walls of my city; I have completed the course which Fate had made.

¶ condō, condere, condidī, conditum, “put together, put into, store, build, found, establish” ¶ moenia, moenium, n. pl. “walls of a city” ¶ expleō, explēre, explēvī, explētum, “fill (up), complete”

3. Ita dūrus erās ut neque amōre neque precibus mollīrī possēs.

You were so harsh (m) that you could be tamed neither by love nor by prayers.

¶ prex, precis, f. “prayer” ¶ molliō, mollīre, “soften, make calm” — mollīrī, pass. inf.

4. Nēmō quidem tam ferōx est ut nōn mollīrī possit, cultūrā datā.

Nobody at all is so savage that he can not be tamed, if cultivation has been given.

2013-08-21

5. Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere; nam quis est tam patiēns malae urbis ut sē teneat?

Not writing a satire is difficult; for who is so tolerant of the evil city that he restrains (=can restrain) himself?

¶ teneō, tenēre.

6. Fuit quondam in hāc rē pūbulicā tanta virtūs ut virī fortēs cīvem perniciōsum ācriōribus poenīs quam acerbissimum hostem reprimerent.

Formerly such virtue was in this republic that strong men repressed a pernicious citizen with punishments harsher than the harshest enemy.

¶ reprimō, reprimere, “repress”

7. Ita praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis ut nē mors quidem in hāc rē sit fugienda.

The recovery of freedom is so honorable that even death is not to be avoided in this matter.

2013-08-25

8. Nē ratiōnēs meōrum perīculōrum ūtilitātem reī pūbulicae vincant.

Do not let the considerations of my risks overcome the advantage of the republic. (=The advantage of the republic is more important than my safety.)

¶ ratiō, ratiōnis, f.

9. Eō tempore Athēniēnsēs tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut decemplicem numerum hostium superārent, et hōs sīc perterruērunt ut in Asiam refugerent.

At that time the Athenians exhibited such bravery that they surpassed a tenfold number of the enemy, and so completely frightened them that they fled into Asia.

¶ praestō, praestāre, praestitī, traestitum ¶ terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum

10. Ōrātor exemplum dignum petat ab Dēmosthene illō, in quō tantum studium tantusque labor fuisse dīcuntur ut impedīmenta nātūrae dīligentiā industriāque superāret.

Let an orator seek a worthy example from that Dēmosthenēs, in whom there are said to have been such eagerness and such labor that he overcame his impediments of nature, through diligence and industry.

¶ dignus, “worthy (of)”, +abl. ¶ impedīmentum, n. “hindrance, impediment” ¶ Δημοσθένης (384–322 BC), Athens

2013-08-30

11. Praecepta tua sint brevia ut cito mentēs discipulōrum ea discant teneantque memoriā fidēlī.

Let your precepts be short so that quickly the minds of your disciples may learn them and hold them with faithful memory.

¶ praeceptum, n.

12. Nihil tam difficile est ut nōn possit studiō invēstīgārī.

Nothing is so difficult that being tracked down is not possible with eagerness (OR by study).

¶ investīgō, investīgāre, investīgāvī, investīgātum, “track down, investigate” — investīgārī, pass. inf.

13. Bellum autem ita suscipiātur ut nihil nisi pāx quaesīta esse videātur.

Let war, however, be undertaken in such a way that it is seen that nothing but peace has been sought.

14. Tanta est vīs probitātis ut eam etiam in hoste dīligāmus.

The power of honesty is so great that even in an emeny we love it.

¶ dīligō, dīligere, “esteem, love”

2013-09-01

How Many Kisses Are Enough?

Gaius Valerius Catullus: adaptation. A Latin poet of the late Roman Republic (87?–54 BC).

Quaeris, Lesbia, quot bāsia tua sint mihi satis?

You ask, O Lesbia, how many kisses of yours are enough for me?

Tam multa bāsia quam magnus numerus Libyssae harēnae aut quam sīdera multa quae, ubi tacet nox, furtīvōs amōrēs hominum vident—

So many kisses as the great number of Libyan (=African) grains of sand, or as the many stars which, when the night is silent, witness the secret loves of men—

¶ sīdus, sīderis, n. “constellation, star” ¶ taceō, tacēre, “be silent, leave unmentioned”

tam bāsia multa (nēmō numerum scīre potest) sunt satis Catullō īnsānō!

So many kisses (no one can know the number) are enough for insane Catullus!

2013-09-02

The Nervousness of Even a Great Orator

Cicerō: Prō Cluentiō 51 (See also Translation by Albert Clark)

Ego dehinc ut respondērem surrēxī. Quā sollicitūdine animī surgēbam—dī immortālēs—et quō timōre!

I, then, got up to answer. With what anxiety of mind was I getting up—O immortal gods—and with what fear!

¶ surgō, surgere, surrēxī, surrēctum, “get up, arise” ¶ sollicitūdō, sollicitūdinis, f. “anxiety, concern, solicitude”

Semper quidem magnō cum metū incipiō dīcere. Quotiēnscumque dīcō, mihi videor in iūdicium venīre nōn sōlum ingeniī sed etiam virtūtis atque officiī.

Always, indeed, with great fear do I begin speaking. Whenever I speak, I am seen by me (=I feel about myself) that I [myself] come to a trial not only of talent but also of courage and of duty (dutifulness).

Tum vērō ita sum perturbātus ut omnia timērem. Dēnique mē collēgī et sīc pugnāvī, sīc omnī ratiōne contendī ut nēmō mē neglēxisse illam causam putāret.

At that time, indeed I was so confused that I feared everything. At last, I collected myself and in such a way I fought, in such a way I struggled with all my reasoning, that no one thought that I had slighted that case.

¶ pugnō, “fight” ¶ contendō, “strive, struggle, contend”

2013-09-07

You’re All Just Wonderful!

*Marcus Valerius Martialis: Epigrammaton liber XII - LXXX

Nē laudet dignōs, laudat Callistratus omnēs:
cui malus est nēmō, quis bonus esse potest?

Callistratus praises all persons, so that he may not praise [only] the worthy men:
Who can be good [to a man], for whom no one is bad?