memos::Syriac 15 (O)

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my mail address is in this picture

CAL- ?; Dic, 2, 3 Ana+, NY; TS 1 2 | TUS[he, ar, sy, sa, et, Sarb] TUS-eu Map, 2[TR][SY], 3, ME, Eura, Afr | Alan[; Qara, 1, 2, 3; N[de] | Per] L-Sh; Gaf; EtTbl | G Ti


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Kazem Dashi Island, Lake Urmia, Iran (West Azerbaijan Province)

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 27] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 27 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܫܰܒܥܐ]: ܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ ܒܰܝܬܳܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ

2017-07-17

ܐܝܣܚܳܩ ܝܳܠܘܦܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܛܳܒܐ ܘܟܰܫܝܪܐ.
ʾĪsḥāq is a student, good and earnest.
ܟܽܠ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܕܚܰܕܒܫܰܒܐ، ܐܰܘ ܕܥܺܐܕܐ، ܡܶܚܕܐ ܕܫܳܡܰܥ ܩܳܠ ܢܳܩܘܫܐ ܕܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ، ܪܳܫܶܡ ܐܳܬ̥ܐ ܕܰܨܠܝܒܐ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܐ ܥܰܠ ܨܳܠܡܶܗ.
Every morning of a Sunday {ḥæḏ b-šæbbā **1} or of a holiday {ʕḗḏā #1}, as soon as he hears the sound of the bell {nāqṓšā **2} of the church, he makes {ršm} a sign of the holy cross {ṣe̊līḇā} on his image (in front of him?) {#2}.

yālṓpā w > WS -päw: according to Alan 92, this happens only when the word in front of the (h)w has three consonants or less; according to Mingana 30, however, this always happens. Also, in ES, Alan says hārkäy (because hrk has only three consonants), while Mingana 452 says hārkāy (keeping the ā), parce que le mot a plus de deux letters.

#1 Loan into Arabic (CAL) عيد — fa عید (pes /ʔejd/), hence English Eid. It seems that in Persian ع is /ʔ/.

#2 ṣælmā = “image”: according to the Syriac-English section, “his picture.” However, “makes a sign of the holy cross on his picture” doesn’t sound very usual to me. I suspect this might be “his face,” “his forehead,” or “himself.” Tentatively I’m going to tranlsate this one as “makes a sign of the holy cross in front of him.”

2017-07-25 **1 ܫܰܒ̊ܐ is the abs. st. of ܫܰܒ̊ܬ̥ܐ (šabbe̊ṯā) = “sabbath, week” fem. (though -t is properly a radical: N §81) — from שַׁבָּת f. — cf. السبت (as-sabt) mas. (?), where PS *s1 > s not š. — from syc, xcl շաբաթ [ʃä.bätʰ] = “Sabbath, Saturday, week”; BUT hy-arevela շաբաթ [ʃɑˈpʰɑtʰ] = “Saturday, week”: after a vowel/m/r, բ is pronounced as փ. [Dora Sakayan (2007): Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World, p. 37] — შაბათი = “Saturday”

2017-08-04 **2 speciatim quo in ecclesia fideles convocabant, inde ar. ناقوس (LS2; typo in LS3: ناقوش)

2017-07-18

ܘܩܳܐܶܡ ܡܫܝܓ̥ ܐܝܕܰܘ̈ܗ̱ܝ̱ ܘܐܰܦܰܘ̈ܗ̱ܝ̱، ܘܰܡܣܰܪܶܩ ܣܰܥܪܶܗ،
And he gets up and washes {šwg C} his hands and his face, and combs {srq D} his hair {sæʕrā},
ܘܠܳܒܶܫ ܢܰܚ̈ܬܐ ܢܰܩ̈ܕܐ ܘܨܳܐܶܒ ܠܘܳܬ̥ ܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ.
and puts on fine {#3} clothes {næḥtā m.} and attends {lit. congregates at} church.

#3 næqdā = “clean; well-ornamented, decorated with needlework”

ܘܟܰܕ ܥܳܐܶܠ ܒܬܰܪܥܐ ܕܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ، ܣܳܓ̥ܶܕ ܘܐܳܡܰܪ:
And when he enters {ʕāʾèl} the door of the church, he kneels {OR bows down} and says:
ܠܒܰܝܬܳܟ ܐܰܠܳܗܐ ܥܶܠܶܬ̥ ܘܰܩܕܳܡ ܒܺܐܡ [ܒܹܝܡ] ܕܝܠܳܟ ܣܶܓ̥ܕܶܬ.
“I have entered {ʕellèṯ} your house, O God, and in front of the throne {#4} of yours I have knelt.”

#4 bḗm(ā) f. = “elevated stand, pedestal; the judgment seat, ecclesiastic throne” — from βῆμα, βήματος, τό = “raised place or tribune to speak from in a public assembly, etc.” In Syriac often treated as a pure loanword, i.e., using the absolute form (CAL) — ܘܺܝܬܶܒ ܥܠ ܒܹܝܡ = “he sat on the judgment seat” (Jn19:13) = καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ (τοῦ) βήματος

2017-07-19

ܟܶܢ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܢܰܟ̥ܦܳܐܝܺܬ̥ ܘܰܡܨܰܠܶܐ: ܩܰܕܝܫܰܬ ܐܰܠܳܗܐ...... ܘܐܰܒܘܢ ܕܒܰܫܡܰܝܐ......
Thus/Then he stands up modestly {næḵpāʾīṯ} and prays {mṣællë √ṣly Đ #5}: “You are holly {qaddīšæt = qaddīš æ(n)t}, O God… And Our Father who is in heaven…”
ܟܶܢ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܒܫܶܠܝܐ ܘܒܐܺܝܩܳܪܐ ܕܰܪܚܝ̣ܡܝܢ ܥܰܠ ܐܰܠܳܗܐ.
Then he sits in silence and in honor {#6} of the loved ones for God {#7} (≈God’s saints).

#5 ES “narrow e” — ܡܨܲܠܸܐ (Mk1:35; Lk1:10, 3:21; etc.) — ܘܲܡܨܲܠܸܐ (Mt26:39; Mk14:35; etc.)

#6 Interestingly, neither w- nor b- takes a full vowel: w-ḇ-(ʔ)īqārā NOT *wæ-ḇ-ʔīqārā — ES ܘܒ݂ܐܝܼܩܵܪܵܐ (1Thes4:4) [2018-08-24 This is normal; the B does take the full vowel ī, as w-ḇīqārā]

#7 i.e. “those who are loved/esteemed by God” — rḥīmā ʕæl = “loved/esteemed by” ⟦dīlēctus⟧ is explained in LS2-724b, LS3-1455b; (α) one example is Afr187u [The Homilies of Aphraates (1869), aka Demonstration IX, p. 187:22 = Patrologia syriaca, vol. 1, IX, p. 437:3 (§13)]; (β) another example is INB576:15 [Mar Isaacus Ninivita by Bedjan aka “The First Part” (la première partie), aka Isaac of Nineveh, Mystic Treatises, LXXXII]. (β) is ܘܡܸܛܠ ܕܡܵܪܹܗ ܪܵܚܹܡ ܠܹܗ: ܥܲܠ ܟܠܢܵܫ ܪܚܝܼܡ. = “And because his load loves him, for everyone [he is] beloved/esteemed.”

🖉 Memo: The Holy Spirit as feminine: Early Christian testimonies and their interpretation | van Oort | HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies (Aug 2016)

2017-07-20

ܘܟܰܕ ܗܳܘܶܐ ܥܶܕܳܢܐ ܕܩܘܪܳܒܐ، ܣܳܠܶܩ ܠܡܰܕܒܚܐ ܘܠܳܒܶܫ ܟܘܬܝܢܶܗ ܚܶܘܳܪܬܐ،
And when it is time {ʕeddānā m.} of mass/liturgy† {qurrāḇā}, he goes up to the altar {mæḏb(e̊)ḥā} and puts on his white gown/tunic‡ {#8},

† While the term “mass” should be used in the Syriac Catholic Church and in the Chaldean Catholic Church, it may not be commonly used in the Syriac Orthodox Church and in the Assyrian Church of the East. Nevertheless the word is translated as “Holy Mass” in the Syriac to English Dictionary section at the end of the book.

‡ Similarly, the word “tunic” may not be common in non-Catholic churches. The word is translated as “gown” in Sy-En.

#8 kuttīnā (CAL) = syc (+tmr?) “tunic, linen garment, net”, usually fem. in Syriac (N §84): LS2 = sic semper U et Ny contra M et N §714 kö́ttīnā: arc/jpa/tmr kittōnā (CAL); jpa כִּיתּוּנָא,‎ כִּתּוּנָא (Jastrow): pl. abs. ܟܘܼ̈ܬ݁ܝܼܢܝܵܢ (Mt10:10 P-NY), pl. emph. ܟܘܼܬܝܼ̈ܢܝܵܬ݂ܵܐ (Ac9:39 P-NY), cf. N §71-4.

2017-07-27 ܘܝܼܣܪܵܝܹܠ ܪ̇ܚܡ ܗ݇ܘ̣ܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܝܲܬ݁ܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܢܵܘ̈ܗܝ: ܡܸܛܠ ܕܒܲܪ ܣܲܝܒ݁ܘܼܬ݂ܵܐ ܗܘ̤ܵܐ ܠܹܗ: ܘܲܥܒܲܕ݂ ܠܹܗ ܟܘܼܬ݁ܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܦܸܕ݂ܝ̈ܵܬ݂ܵܐ.܀ (P-U Gn37:3⁎) — sæybūṯā = “old age”; peḏyāṯā = f.pl. “sleeves”

2017-07-29 ܘܲܥ̣ܒܕ ܠܗ ܟܘܿܬ݁ܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܦܸ̈ܕ݂ܝܵܬ݂ܵܐ. (P-M same)

2017-07-21

ܘܩܳܪܶܐ ܘܰܡܙܰܡܰܪ ܥܰܡ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܰܡܫܰܡܫܳܢ̈ܐ،
And he reads and sings {#9} with the choir {guddā #10} that is servants {mšæmme̊šānḕ #11} (=that serves),

#9 zmær G = “to sing”: zæmmar D = “to sing, to praise”: PAEL same as PEAL; also with regard to David, to say in the Psalms (Jess)

#10 guddā = syc/myz “troop, group of people”: usu. fem. — Surely a Semitic word (CAL), even though confusingly akin to pal/xpr gund [gwnd | = P] “army, troop; group, gathering” (MacKenzie 38): tmr גּוּנְדָּא or גּוּדָּא = m. “a band, troop”: جُنْد = “army”: LS2 also has ግዱድ (gədūd) = LLA 1204 “uuus [vulgus?] e turma praedonum, praedo” (a group? and troop of robbers; a robber ⟦praedō praedōnis⟧) — on the other hand, there are similar words in xcl/hy գունդ, ka გუნდი, which may be from pal.

#11 šammeš D = “to serve” — as in ܐܸܢ ܠܝܼ ܐ݇ܢܵܫ ܡܫܲܡܸܫ: ܢܹܐܬܹܐ ܒܵܬܲܪܝ (Jn12:26) — Part. mšæmmeš (fem. mšæmme̊š-ā) — that plus -ān will be a nōmen agentis (N §130): mšæmme̊š-ān(ā) nom.ag.D

2017-07-22

ܘܟܰܕ ܫܳܠܶܡ ܩܘܪܳܒܐ، ܫܳܠܰܚ ܠܟܘܬܝܢܐ ܘܫܳܩܶܠ ܒܘܪܟܬ̥ܐ ܘܢܳܦܶܩ ܡܶܢ ܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ،
and when the liturgy is finished, he takes off the gown; and he receives blessing {burke̊ṯā}, and goes out from the church,
ܟܰܕ ܐܝܕܰܘ̈ܗ̱ܝ̱ ܥܰܠ ܚܰܕܝܶܗ، ܘܐܳܡܰܪ:
when his hands [are] on his chest {ḥæḏyā}, and he says:

2017-07-23

ܦܘܫܝ̱ ܒܰܫܠܳܡܐ ܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ ܩܰܕܺܝܫܬܐ، ܦܘܫ ܒܰܫܠܳܡܐ ܒܰܝܬܒ ܕܐܰܠܳܗܐ.
“Good bye, O holly church! Good bye, O house of God!”
ܘܐܳܙܶܠ ܠܒܰܝܬܐ ܟܰܕ ܠܐ ܦܳܗܶܐ ܒܫܘܩ̈ܐ ܐܰܘ ܡܶܬܥܢܶܐ ܥܰܡ ܛܠܳܝ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܪ̈ܕܰܝܳܐ ܀
And he goes home, when he does not wander around {phy} in the market place, nor converses {lit. is answered} with undisciplined {#12} boys.

#12 Pass. Part. (3rd-Y) — rḏë (emph. ræḏ): pl. emph. rḏæyyā — just like qšë, qæš, qšæyyā — or like mæyyā: Aiyā appears farther in the plural emphatic state […] in adjectives and participles in ē and ai ( in Emph. st. sing.) (N §72) — Cf. šwā

2017-07-25

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܐܰܝܟܰܢ ܡܶܬܛܰܝܰܒ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܪܰܕܝܐ ܠܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ؟
How does a disciplined student prepare himself for the church?
ܡܫܝܓ ܐܝܕܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܰܐܦܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܘܰܡܣܰܪܶܩ ܣܰܥܪܶܗ ܘܠ̇ܒܫ ܢܰܚ̈ܬܐ ܢܰܩ̈ܕܐ.
He washes his hands and face, and he combs his hair, and he puts on fine clothes.

√ṭyb (ṭwb) — ṭæyyeḇ D — ʾeṭṭæyyæḇ Dt = “to prepare oneself; place oneself somewhere, stand, defend, assist ⟦assistō⟧; to be present, to take part in an event” — ܡܲܢܘܼ ܢܩܘܼܡ ܠܝܼ ܥܲܡ ܒܝܼ̈ܫܹܐ؛ ܘܡܲܢܘܼ ܢܸܬ݁ܛܲܝܲܒ݂ ܠܝܼ ܥܲܡ. ܥܵܒ݂ܕܲܝ̈ ܥܵܘ̣ܠܵܐ؛܀ = “Who is it that will stand up for me with (=against) the evil ones? And who is it that will take stand for me with (=against) the doers of injustice {ʕäwlā}?” (Ps94:16⁎) — diacritical dots: ܥܘ̇ܠܐ = ʕäwwālā “unjust”; ܥܘ̣ܠܐ = ʕäwlā “injustice.”

2017-07-26

2 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܟܰܕ ܥܳܐܶܠ ܒܬܰܪܥܐ ܕܥܶܕ̱ܬܐ؟
ܠܒܰܝܬܳܟ ܐܰܠܳܗܐ ܥܶܠܶܬ̥ ܘܰܩܕܳܡ ܒܹܝܡ ܕܝܠܳܟ ܣܶܓ̥ܕܶܬ.
Into your house, O God, I have entered; in front of the throne of yours I have knelt.
3 ܐܰܝܕܐ ܨܠܘܬ̥ܐ ܡܨܰܠܶܐ؟
Which {ʾæydā f.} prayer does he pray?
«ܩܰܕܝܫܰܬ̊ ܐܠܗܐ: ܩܕܝܫܬ ܚܰܝܠܬ̥ܳܢܐ: ܩܕܝܫܬ ܠܐ ܡܳܝܘܿܬ̥ܐ: ܐܶܬܪܰܚܰܡ ܥܠܝܢ» ܘܰ«ܐܒ̥ܘܢ ܕܒ̥ܰܫܡܝܐ...»
“You are holy, O God. You are holy, O Mighty One. You are holy, O Immortal One. Have mercy upon us.” (Trisagion) and “Our Father which art in heaven…”

ܚܝܠܬܢܐ is vocalized as ḥæyle̊ṯānā in Jess/P-NY/P-UK and also in N §324C; LS2/LS3 read it ܚܰܝܶܠܬ̥ܳܢܳܐ, perhaps with a Mhaggyānā (ḥæyḙl(e̊)ṯānā); CAL⁑, however, interprets this as ḥæyyel-.

🖉 Memo: The Culmus Project: as a test, I have changed the default font for jpa/tmr from SBL Hebrew to Keter YG by Yoram Gnat. While SBL Hebrew is one of my favorite fonts, which I still use in many places along with the Shlomo font (which is based on Ezra SIL SR), I want to use different fonts for Hebrew and Aramaic. Also, I have made ES letters (AA- East Syriac Marcus) slightly bigger (26 to 27px) so that a seyame may look more clearly. I’m using dark blue to show ES; from now on, I’m going to use dark blue also for tmr (while dark green for jpa). Donald Knuth is quoted, I can’t go to a restaurant and order food because I keep looking at the fonts on the menu. [All Questions Answered]

2017-07-29 Now BA is also shown with Keter YG by default, while Hebrew is shown with Shlomo.

2017-07-31 I’m now using Taamey David CLM by default for arc-Hebr/jpa/tmr. I still like Keter YG, but with it I feel ה and ח are slightly confusing, and it’s perhaps a little too fancy for study.

2017-08-03 Keter YG for BA (arc-Hebr); David CLM (not Taamey David CLM) for jpa/tmr.

2017-08-01

4 ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܟܰܝ ܨܠܘܬ̥ܐ ܕ«ܐܰܒܘܢ ܕܒܰܫܡܰܝܐ»؟
ܐܰܒܘܢ ܕܒܰܫܡܰܝܐ. ܢܶܬܩܰܕܰܫ ܫܡܳܟ.
ܬܹܐܬܹܐ ܡܠܟܘܬܟ. ܢܶܗܘܹܐ ܨܶܒܝܳܢܳܟ܉ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܒܰܫܡܝܐ ܐܦ ܒܰܐܪܥܐ.
ܗܒ ܠܢ ܠܚܡܐ ܕܣܘܢܩܳܢܰܢ ܝܘܡܳܢܐ.
sunqānā = “necessity”
ܘܰܫܒܘܿܩ ܠܢ ܚܘ̈ܒܰܝܢ܉ ܐܰܝܟܳܢܐ ܕܳܐܦ ܚܢܰܢ ܫܒܰܩܢ ܠܚܰܝܳܒܰܝ̈ܢ.
šbq = “to leave, to permit, to release”; ḥäwbā = “debt”; ḥæyyāḇā = “guilty; a debtor”
ܘܠܐ ܬܰܥܠܰܢ ܠܢܶܣܝܘܿܢܐ܉ ܐܠܐ ܦܰܨܳܢ ܡܢ ܒܝܫܐ.
tæʕʕel = C impf.; nesyṓnā = “trial, test, temptation”
[ܡܛܠ ܕܕܝܠܳܟ̥ܺ ܗ̱ܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ܂ ܘܚܰܝܠܐ܁ ܘܬܶܫܟܘܿܚܬܐ܉ ܠܥܳܠܰܡ ܥܳܠܡܝܢ (ܐܳܡܹܝܢ)܀]
tešbóḥtā = Hard T (N §127), P-UK tešbóḥṯā (sic)
[ܡܛܠ ܕܕܝܠܟ ܗܝ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܘܬܫܒܘܚܬܐ. ܠܥܠܡ ܥܠܡܝܢ ܐܡܝܢ܀]
(The above line is from OS-C: kingdom+glory instead of kingdom+power+glory, in the doxology)

2017-08-03

5 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܶܕ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܒܥܶܕܳܢ ܩܘܪܳܒܐ؟
ʕeddān = “time” (abs); qurrāḇā = “mass”
ܩܳܪܝܐ ܘܰܡܙܰܡܪܐ ܐܢܐ.

2017-08-04

ܦܳܒ ܣܘܟܳܠ

6 ܢܳܩܘܫܐ ܨܰܠܡܐ ܩܘܪܳܒܐ ܓܘܕܐ ܟܘܬܝܢܐ
ܐܰܝܟ: ܢܳܩܘܫܐ: ܙܰܓܐ ܐܝܬ̥ܰܘܗ̱ܝ̱ ܪܰܒܐ ܕܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ.
ܢܳܩܘܿܫܐ: ܙܰܓܐ ܪܰܒܐ ܕܒܶܗ ܡܗܰܝܡܢ̈ܐ ܟܢܝܫܝܢ ܠܘܳܬ ܥܹܕܬܐ.
Nāqṓšā: the large bell, with which believers are gathered toward the church {ʕḗtā / ʕë́ttā}.

haymen √hymn Q (Paiel) = “to believe, to treat as trustworthy”: act. part. mhaymen mhayme̊nā, pass. part. mhayman mhayme̊nā — Af. of אמן;=h. הֶאֱמִין (Jastrow): G §63e §53a

2017-08-05

ܨܰܠܡܐ: ܡܕܡ ܕܚ̇ܙܐ ܐܢܬ ܠܗ، ܐܝܟ ܨܠܡܐ ܕܩܹܣܰܪ ܥܰܠ ܕܝܢܳܪܐ ܕܰܟܣܶܦ.
ṣalmā: something that you can see, such as the ṣalmā of Caesar upon Denarius of silver.

2017-08-06

ܩܘܪܳܒܐ: ܡܕܡ ܕܰܥܒ̥ܝܕ ܒܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܰܢܫܰܒ̊ܚܘܼܢ ܠܐܠܗܐ.
qurrāḇā: something that is done in the church so that they may praise {šabbaḥ} God.
ܓܘܕܐ: ܗܠܝܢ ܕܰܡܙܰܡܪܝܢ ܒܥܹܕܬܐ ܐܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܰܢܫܰܒܚܘܼܢ ܠܐܠܗܐ.
guddā: those who sing in the church so that they may praise God.

CAL/LS3 has ʾaykānā instead of ʾayka(n)nā (N §365, LS2, P-UK, P-NY); also LS3 has a typo where it says ܐܲܝܟ݂ܵܢܵܐ with Soft K, for LS2 ܐܱܝܟܱ݁ܢܳܐ.

ܟܘܬܝܢܐ: ܢܰܚܬܐ ܕܰܠܒܝܫ ܩܕܳܡ ܡܰܕܒܚܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ.
kuttīna: a garment that is worn in front of the alter of a church.

2017-08-07

ܣܝܡ ܪ̈ܶܡܙܳܢܳܝܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩܙ̈ܐ

remzānāyā = “demonstrative”

ܗܳܢܶܝܢ ܗܳܢܐ ܗܳܝ ܗܳܢܘܢ
those (f); this; that (f); those
7 ܗܳܢܐ ... ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܟܳܬܶܒ ܗܶܪܓܶܗ ܫܰܦܝܪ.
8 ܗܳܢܶܝܢ ... ܡܰܪ̈ܟܒܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܛܳܥܢ̈ܳܢ ܡܰܘܒ̈ܠܐ ܝܰܩܝܪ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ.
Those chariots/carriage {sg. markaḇṯā} carry the heavy {yaqqīr-ā -tā} loads.

2017-08-08

9 ܗܳܢܘܢ ... ܦܳܥ̈ܠܐ ܒܳܢܶܝܢ ܫܘܪܐ ܠܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ.
Those workers (sg. pāʕlā) build a wall near the garden.
10 ܗܳܝ ... ܒܰܪܬ̥ܐ ܓܶܕܠܰܬ̥ ܣܰܥܪܳܗ̇ ܬܰܪܬܶܝܢ ܥܶܕܩ̈ܳܢ [ܥܶܕܩ̈ܝܢ].
That daughter braided her hair [into] two locks.

abs. of ʕeḏqḕ (fem. N §84) is said to be ʕeḏqīn like mas. (Jess. LS3); possibly influenced by the phonetic variant ʕetqḕ (mas?).

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 26] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 26 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܶܫܬܐ]: ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܪܰܕܝܐ

2017-06-28

raḏyā (pass. pt. of rḏā) = “trained, disciplined, cultivated”

ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܪܰܕܝܐ ܠܐ ܨܳܒܶܐ ܕܢܶܥܒܶܕ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܒܝܫ، ܐܶܠܐ ܡܰܠܘܢ ܟܽܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܛܳܒ.
A disciplined student does not want to do a thing that is bad, but rather [he wants to do] everything that is good.
ܐܰܘܟܝܬ̥، ܪܳܚܶܡ ܕܰܒܟܽܠ ܙܒܰܢ ܢܶܥܒܶܕ ܟܽܠ ܡܐ ܕܠܐܰܠܳܗܐ ܡܪܰܥܶܐ، ܘܠܰܒܢܰܝ̈ܢܳܫܳܐ ܡܰܘܬ̥ܰܪ [ܡܰܘܬ̊ܰܪ]، ܘܰܠܬܺܐܪܬܶܗ ܡܢܝ̣ܚ.
That is {ʾäwkḗṯ}, he loves to do all the time everything — that (1) pleases {mraʕʕë Đ = ⟦plācāvit⟧ LS2} God, (2) and provides benefits {ʾäwtar C of ytr} to people, (3) and gives rest {ʾanīḥ C of nwḥ} to his conscience {tḗrtā Hard T}.

ܐܶܠܘ ܓܝܪ ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܢܘܿܢ ܐܰܢܝܚ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܐܢܘܢ܉ ܠܐ ܐ̇ܡܪ ܗܘܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܳܬܰܪܟܶܢ ܥܠ ܝܰܘܡܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܹܢܐ. = “For if Īšṓʕ bar Nṓn had given rest to them, he would not be (OR not have been) speaking about another day afterwards.” (Heb4:8⁎)

2017-06-29

ܘܟܕ ܚܳܪ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܒܟܶܢܫܗܘܢ܉ ܐ̣ܡܪ. ܓܰܒܪ̈ܐ ܐܰܚ̈ܝ܉ ܐܢܐ ܒܟܠ ܬܹܐܪܬܐ ܛܳܒܬ̥ܐ ܐܶܬܕܰܒ̊ܪܹܬ ܩܕܳܡ ܐܠܗܐ ܥܕܰܡܐ ܠܝܰܘܡܳܢܐ. = “And when Päwlṓs (WS Pawlōws) looked into their assembly, he said: ‘Gentlemen, my brothers! I have been led (OR I have conducted myself) {ʾeddabbe̊rèṯ Dt} in all good conscience before God until {ʕɐ̊ḏammā} today.’ ” (Ac23:1⁎)

ܐܶܢ ܡܶܫܟܰܚ ܩܰܢܝܐ، ܐܰܘ ܟܬܳܒܐ، ܐܰܘ ܐܰܝܢܐ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܐ̱ܚܪܝܢ، ܡܶܚܕܐ ܡܫܰܐܶܠ ܥܰܠ ܡܳܪܶܗ،
If he finds a pen, or a book, or a certain {ʾaynā} other thing (=whatever), at once he asks about its owner,
ܐܰܘ ܐܳܙܶܠ ܣܳܐܶܡ ܠܶܗ ܥܰܠ ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ [ܛܰܒܠܳܝܬ̊ܐ : ܛܰܒܠܝܬܐ] ܕܰܡܕܰܒܪܳܢܐ.
or he goes and put it on the table of the leader {mḏabbrānā nom.ag.D} (=principal).

🖉 Memo: http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/colloquial/Writing_the_Amharic_Script.pdf

http://www.senamirmir.org/projects/typography/washra.html — Today I re-installed the WashRa Keyboard Layout, with the shortcut [LAlt]+[Shift]+[5]. I had stopped using WashRa when IME (Amharic Input Method 1.0) came out-of-the-box with Win7, but perhaps WashRa is better than IME after all (though I still have the IME too with the shortcut now [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[9]).

http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/EAE/transf.html

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Ethiopic_transliteration

http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_am.htm

2017-07-04 In Writing_the_Amharic_Script.pdf above, David Appleyard says: There is no one way of forming the characters of letters of the fidäl, and not everyone follows the principles described here in details, especially in rapid handwriting. However, the steps advised here follow the manner of writing in a manuscripts hand, the type of writing you will see in Ethiopian parchment manuscripts, which also forms the basis of the commonest printed typefaces, including computer fonts. […] Each of the letters of the fidäl is formed by a number of strokes, usually from two to eight in number. These are written in downwards direction and follow one another proceeding from right to left. — This “right to left” order of the in-glyph strokes is unexpected for me, as the global glyph order is left-to-right.

2017-07-05 In the same PDF, the author says: The other “orders” of the fidäl are written following the same procedures […]: write with strokes moving from top to bottom and left to right. What the… So it is left-to-right after all!

2017-06-30

ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܲܬܠܬܝܢ ܕܲܚܙܝܪܵܢ܇ ܒܲܫܢܬ ܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܐܠܦ݂ܝ̈ܢ ܘܲܬܠܬܡܐܐ ܘܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܲܬܡܢܐ ܕܝܘܢܵܝ̈ܐ

AG = CE + 311 in Jan–Sept

ܘܐܶܢ ܦܳܓܰܥ ܒܣܳܒܐ ܣܰܡܝܐ ܕܐܰܘܒܶܕ ܐܘܪܚܶܗ، ܐܳܚܶܕ ܒܐܺܝܕܶܗ ܘܰܡܗܰܕܶܐ ܠܶܗ ܠܐܽܘܪܚܐ ܫܘܝܬ̥ܐ.
And if he encounters {pāḡaʕ + b-} a blind {samyā} old man who has lost {ʾawbeḏ C} his way, he takes {ʾāḥèḏ} [him] by his hand and leads/guides {mhaddë Đ} him to his flat {**1} (≈safe) way {f.}.

2017-07-12 **1 šwā pass. pt. šwë šæwyā — also adj. šwë šæwyā, fem. šwīṯā — just like dḵā “to be pure”: dḵë dæḵyā, dḵīṯā — [qšā] “to be hard”: qšë qæšyā, qšīṯā (N §101): also they are like ṭlë ṭælyā, ṭlīṯā (perh. < *ṭalīṯā < *ṭalye̊ṯā) — Alan 60 Words of the form ܕܲܟܝܵܐ Drop the vowel of the first letter and give the second letter Khwasa, then add ܬ݂ܐ to the end of the mas. word. — glā “to reveal”: glë gælyā, glīṯā — Cf. rḏë

2017-07-17 ܛܠܸܐ (Jn21:18, Gal4:1), ܩܫܸܐ (Ac9:4), even ܡܨܲܠܸܐ “he prays” (Mk1:35), at least in P-NY — I think it is reasonable to transliterate (α) Zlāmā Pšīqā + ʾĀlap̄ as ē but (β) Zlāmā Qasyā + ʾĀlap̄/Yṓḏ as ḕ. The problem is, ZP vs. ZQ is not well-defined in general. For example, Mingana says qāṭel, not qāṭèl.

2017-08-10 Tentatively I will use an ë for α, and an ḕ for β. It is interesting and puzzling that in Hebrew a short è (אֶ) seems wider than a long ē (אֵ), like [ɛ] as opposed to [eː], while in Syriac a short e (ܐܸ) seems narrower than a long ḕ (ܐܹ), like [ɪ] as opposed to [eː] or [ɛː] — or so I thought?

2017-08-11 As is well known, the Eastern (or Nestorian) vocalization of Syriac (henceforth ES) consistently distinguishes between ē and ī, whereas the Western (or Jacobite) tradition (henceforth WS), although having both e and i, also has in many cases (originally long) e coinciding with (originally long) i. The question arises of how it happened that in some cases (originally long) e was preserved, whereas in others it shifted to i. Brockelmann and Birkeland were, no doubt, correct in assuming that in Proto-Syriac (henceforth PS) there existed two long e sounds, ē and ē. In ES vocalization these two sounds were not differentiated, whereas in WS (originally long) ę was preserved, but ē shifted to i. Only the assumption of two different forms of ē in PS can account for the twofold representation of original ē in WS, by both ę and i. (J. Blau: The origins of open and closed e in Proto-Syriac)

2017-07-01

ܒܝܘܡܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܬܵܡܘܼܙ

ܘܐܶܢ ܚܳܙܶܐ ܫܰܒܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܩܳܐܶܡ ܥܰܠ ܓܰܒܐ ܕܐܽܘܪܚܐ، ܘܨܳܒܶܐ ܕܢܶܥܒܰܪ ܠܓܰܒܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܺܢܐ، ܘܕܳܚܶܠ ܡܶܢ ܪܰܕܳܝ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ،
And if he sees a little boy — who stands upon one side of the street and wants to cross [it] to the other side and is afraid of cars {raddāytā},
ܛܳܥܶܢ ܡܰܥܒܰܪ ܠܶܗ ܠܐܰܬ̥ܪܐ ܡܫܰܝܢܐ.
he lifts him up [and] transfers {“to make to cross over,” C of ʕḇar} him to a safe {#1} place.

#1 mšayyan mšayye̊nā (pass. pt. of šayyen D “to make peace”) = in Classical Syriac “peace-loving; tame (domisticated); gentle, quiet” ⟦mansuētus⟧: here it should mean “peaceful,” “traffic-free,” or “safe.”

ܘܠܐ ܬܶܕܚܠܘܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܩ̇ܛܠܝܢ ܦܰܓܪܐ (Mt10:28)

ܗܹܪܘܕܶܣ ܓܹܝܪ ܕܳܚܶܠ ܗܘܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܘܚܰܢܳܢ (Mk6:20) — this is an interesting verse where P reads ἐποίει instead of ἠπόρει, like the Byzantine text (Robinson–Pierpont) and KJV, and unlike many modern versions. Personally I find the reading of P more natural in this case.

2017-07-02

2017-07-03

2017-07-04

ܘܐܶܢ ܚܳܙܶܐ ܡܶܣܟܺܢܐ ܕܫܳܐܶܠ ܙܶܕܰܩܬ̥ܐ [ܙܶܕܩܬ̥ܐ]، ܝܳܗܶܒ ܠܶܗ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܡܶܢ ܙܘ̈ܙܐ ܐܶܢ ܐܝܬ̥ ܥܰܡܶܗ.
And if he sees a poor man {meskḗnā ES kè WS kī} who is begging for alms {zeḏqe̊ṯā}, he gives him some of [his] coins if he has [some] with him.

2017-07-05

ܘܗܳܟ̥ܰܢܐ ܡܚܰܘܶܐ ܕܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܪܰܕܝܐ ܘܒܰܣܝܡܐ ܘܪܳܚܶܡ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܐ.
Thus {hāḵanā Single N?} he shows that he is a student, disciplined and sweet and loving people (≈ philanthropic) {OR possibly “a man loves [him],” but then perh. there would be lèh #2}.

2017-07-06

#2 nāšā could be “people” (Mk9:31); it could be an object (Jn6:10). From the following example, I’m pretty sure that the above phrase is supposed to mean “is a man lover.” — ܟܠ ܓܝܪ ܕܣ̇ܢܐ ܠܰܐܚܘܗܝ܉ ܩ̇ܛܠ ܐ̱ܢܳܫܰܐ ܗܘ. = “For everyone who hates his brother is a man killer.” (1Jn3:15)

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܳܒܶܕ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܒܐܳܒܶܕܬܐ [ܒܰܐܒܕܬ̥ܐ] ܕܡܶܫܟܰܚ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ؟
What do you do with an lost object that you find?
ܡܫܰܐܠܳܐ ܢܐ ܥܠ ܡܳܪܗ.
I ask about its owner.

“A lost object” is ʾaḇdṯā, or in ES ʾeḇadṯā (ʾeḇattā?): ܥܲܠ ܟܠ ܐܸܒܲܕܬܵܐ = “upon any lost object” (P Ex22:8, numbered 22:9 in U [0057.jp2] and Mosul). Another expression would be ܐܰܒ̊ܝܕܬܐ, verbal adj. fem. of ܐܶܒܰܕ (N §118, §174F). LS2/LS3 also have ʾabbāḏtā.

2017-07-07

2 ܡܳܢܐ ܙܳܕܶܩ ܕܬܶܥܒܶܕ ܥܰܡ ܣܰܡܝܐ ܕܐܰܘܒܶܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ؟
What should you do with a blind man {samyā} who has lost {ʾawbeḏ C of ʾeḇaḏ “to perish”} [his] way.
ܙ̇ܕܩ ܕܶܐܡܰܠܶܠ ܥܰܡܶܗ ܘܶܐܥܰܕܰܪ ܠܗ.
I should talk {ʾè(m)mallel} to him and help {ʾè(ʕ)ʕaddar} him.

In ʾawbeḏ (or in general in Aphel), pf 3ms = impf 1cs: ܟܠ ܕܝܰܗ̱ܒ ܠܝ܂ ܠܐ ܐܰܘܒܶܕ ܡ̣ܢܗ. (Jn6:39)

ʾemmallel = ES ʾèmallel ? ܐܹܡܲܠܸܠ (NY-P Lk1:19, cf. Clef)

3 ܐܶܢ ܬܶܚܙܐ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܐܰܒܝܕ؟
If you see a little boy who has been lost? {ʾabbīḏ Verbal adj., like ʾaḇīḏ Pass. pt.}
ܐܹܫܰܐܶܠ ܠܗ (ܐܹܫܰܐܠܝܘܗܝ) ܐܝܟܐ ܨ̇ܒܐ ܕܢܹܐܬܶܐ.
I will ask him where he wants to go.

“I will ask you guys” = ܐܹܫܲܐܸܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ (Mt21:24, Mk11:29, etc.) — “He will ask him” = ܢܫܲܐܠܝܼܘܗܝ (Mk12:34, etc.) — so “I will ask him” would be, from *ʾè(š)-šaʔ-ʔel, *ʾè(š)-šaʔ-ʔe̊-līw (cf. N §189 “Pael and Aphel”).

2017-07-08

Dan (syc) 2:28

2017-07-09

4 ܐܶܢ ܬܶܦܓܰܥ ܒܡܶܣܟܺܢܐ ܕܫܳܐܶܠ ܙܶܕܰܩܬ̥ܐ [ܙܶܕܩܬ̥ܐ]؟
If you encounter {impf.} an poor man {meskḗnā} who begs for alms {zeḏqe̊ṯā (see below)}?

2017-07-10

zeḏqe̊ṯā from √zdq “to be due” — cf. tmr צִדַקְתָּא (or צִדְקְתָא) f. “charity” = hbo/he צְדָקָה ‎= صَدَقَة

2017-07-11

ܝܗܒܐ ܐܢܐ ܠܗ ܙܘ̈ܙܐ.
5 ܐܰܪܰܐ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܠܡܶܣܟܺܢ̈ܐ؟ ܘܰܠܡܘܢ؟
ܪܚܡܐ ܐܢܐ ܠܡܶܣܟܹܢ̈ܐ ܛܒ̈ܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܛܒܝܢ ܐܢܘܢ. ܪܚܡܐ ܐܢܐ ܠܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܐܶܢ ܛܳܒ ܗ̱ܘ، ܐܳܦ ܐܶܢ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܟܶܣܦܐ، ܐܳܦ ܐܶܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܟܶܣܦܐ. ܐܶܠܐ ܠܐ ܪܚܡܐ ܐܢܐ ܒܝܫܐ، ܐܶܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܟܶܣܦܐ ܘܶܐܢ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܟܶܣܦܐ.

ܗܰܒ ܣܘܟܳܠ

7* ܡܪܰܥܶܐ
to please, reconcile (*Number 6 is missing)
ܐܰܝܟ: ܛܰܠܝܐ ܛܳܒܐ ܡܪܰܥܶܐ ܠܐܰܒܽܘܗ̱ܝ.
Example: A good boy pleases his father.
ܛܰܠܝܐ ܛܳܒܐ ܡܪܰܥܶܐ ܐܳܦ ܠܶܐܡܶܗ.
A good boy pleases his mother too.
ܡܰܘܬ̥ܰܪ
to provide an advantage (C √ytr)
ܐܢ ܝܠܦܐ ܐܢܐ ܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܳܝܐ ܐܶܠܐ ܠܐ ܩܪܝܐ ܐܢܐ، ܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܳܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܕܡ ܡܰܘܬ̥ܰܪ ܠܝ. ܐܠܐ ܗܐ ܐܦ ܟܬܒܐ ܢܐ!
If I study the Syriac language but if I do not read (it), the Syriac language does not provide me any advantage. But look, I even write (it)!
ܡܗܰܕܶܐ
to lead
ܡܠܦܢܐ ܛܒܐ ܡܗܕܐ ܠܬܠܡܝܕ̈ܐ.
A good teacher leads the students.
ܕܳܚܶܠ
to fear
ܐܪܐ ܕ̇ܚܠ ܐܢܬ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܰܠܗܐ؟
Do you fear God?
ܡܰܥܒܰܪ
to make to pass by; to remove; to convert; to translate
ܡܰܥܒܰܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܠܝܵܘܢܳܝܳܐ. ܡܰܥܒܪܐ ܢܐ ܕܝܢ ܠܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܐܶܢܓܠܶܣܢܳܝܐ.
He translates from Syriac into Greek. I translate, however, into English {leššānā ʾenglesnāyā (OR ʾenglèsnāyā)}.

“Latin”: syr ܠܫܢܐ ܠܵܬܝܢܵܝܐ syc ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܰܢܓܳܝܐ (“of a Frank”) — “French”: syr ܦ̮ܪܲܢܣܵܝܵܐ — “German”: syr ܠܲܡܣܵܝܵܐ [Maclean 149]

2017-07-12

8 ܬܺܐܪܬ̥ܐ
conscience
ܐܝܬ ܠܹܟܝ ܬܹܐܪܬܐ ܛܳܒܬܐ.
You (f) have a good conscience.
ܛܶܒܠܝܬ̥ܐ (ܛܰܒܠܳܝܬ̊ܐ)
table
ܣܳܡܶܬ ܠܰܟܬܳܒܐ ܥܠ ܛܰܒܠܳܝܬܐ.
I put the book on the table.
ܫܘܝܬ̥ܐ
adj. fem. flat
ܐܳܙܳܠ̱ܐ ܗ̱ܘܹܝܬ̥ ܥܠ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܫܘܺܝܬܐ.
I was going on a flat road.
ܪ̈ܰܕܳܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ
cars
ܐܘܪܚܐ ܗܕܐ ܐܝܬ ܥܠܶܝܗ̇ ܪ̈ܰܕܳܝܳܬܳܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ.
There are many cars on this road.
ܙܶܕܰܩܬ̥ܐ (ܙܶܕܩܬ̥ܐ)
alms
ܝܗܒܐ ܙܶܕܩܬ̥ܐ ܠܶܗ.
She gave alms to him.

2017-07-13

ܠܰܚܶܡ ܣܰܩܘܒܠܳܝ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ

saqquḇlāytā = f. “opposite”

ܐܰܝܟ: ܡܰܠܶܠ - ܫܬܶܩ.
Ex: he spoke - he was quiet
9 ܡܰܠܶܠ ܦܬܰܚ ܒܢܐ ܒܰܕܰܪ ܐܰܘܒܶܕ
spoke - opened - built - scattered - lost
10 ܟܰܢܶܫ ܫܬܶܩ ܐܶܫܟܰܚ ܣܟ̥ܰܪ ܣܚܰܦ
gathered (D v.t.) - was quiet - found - shut up - threw down/overthrew
ܡܰܠܶܠ - ܫܬܶܩ : ܦܬܰܚ - ܣܟ̥ܰܪ : ܒܢܐ - ܣܚܰܦ : ܒܰܕܰܪ - ܟܰܢܫ : ܐܰܘܒܶܕ - ܐܶܫܟܰܚ

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 25] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 25 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܚܰܡܫܐ]: ܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ ܪܚܝ̣ܡܐ

2017-06-11

ܣܥܰܪ ܒܰܙܒܰܢ ܡܰܠܦܳܢܐ ܐ̱ܢܳܫ ܢܘܟ̥ܪܳܝܐ ܒܶܝܬ̥ܣܶܦܪܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ.
Once upon a time a certain {noun + nāš} foreign guest/unfamiliar {nuḵrāyā**1} teacher visted {sʕar} the school of ours. (mem 2017-12-06)
ܘܟܰܕ ܥܰܠ̣ ܠܚܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܣܶܕܪ̈ܐ، ܩܳܡܘ̱ ܝܳܠܘܦ̈ܐ ܠܐܺܝܩܳܪܶܗ.
And when he entered one of the classes, the students stood up for his honor {ʾīqārā cf. Rom9:21}. (mem 2017-12-08)
ܘܟܰܕ ܝܺܬ̥ܶܒܘ̱، ܫܰܐܶܠ ܐܶܢܘܢ: ܠܡܳܢܐ ܙܳܕܶܩ ܕܢܺܐܠܰܦ ܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܣܘܪܝ̣ܳܝ̣ܐ؟
And when they sat down, he asked them: “Why is it proper that we study {nḗlap̄ #1 **2} the Syriac {sūryāyā} language?” (mem 2017-12-10)

#1 ʾallep̄ D “to teach”, but yīlep̄ G “to learn” (N § 174F) — CAL: originally with initial aleph, but that regularly alternates with yodh in almost all forms in Eastern Aramaic [syc/tmr/myz as opposed to jpa/syc-PS/sam; but according to DCPA, syc-PS also has y- in Peal].

Generally a 1st-weak verb takes ḕ in Impf. (when the thematic vowel is a or when it is 3rd-y), which usually becomes ḗ (e.g. nḗmar, nḗṯḕ — hence nḗlap̄). However, (1) when the thematic vowel is ó, the ḕ is kept (e.g. nḕḵól) — this difference is only about how they are pronounced in WS, not essential in Classicas Syriac proper; (2) neddaʕ “he will know” & netteḇ “he will sit” are exceptional, behaving like 1st-n verbs.

ܕܟܠܢܳܫ ܢܹܐܠܰܦ “so that everyone may learn” (1Cor14:31)

2017-12-10

  1. ܝܺܬ̥ܶܒ Impf. ܢܶܬܷ̊ܒ (e/e): VERY RARE e/e (this is an EXCEPTION)
  2. ܝܰܗ̱ܒ Impf. ܢܶܬܷ̊ܠ (a/e): this is another EXCEPTION. A RARE type.
  3. ܝܺܠܶܦ Impf. ܢܐܠܰܦ (e/a): The other 1-st Y verbs are e/a (except 3rd-guttural). Even a transitive verb has e in Perf.
  4. ܝܺܕܰܥ Impf. ܢܶܕܱ̊ܥ (a/a): regularly (except doubling)
  5. ܐܶܡܰܪ Impf. ܢܐܡܰܪ (a/a): regularly, but ALSO ܐܶܙܰܠ Impf. ܢܐܙܰܠ (a/a): 1st-A tends to be a/a (if not a/ó)
  6. ܐܶܟ̥ܰܠ Impf. ܢܐܟ̥ܘܿܠ (a/ó)

2017-06-16 **1 nuḵrāyā may mean “someone from a different nation” (Lk17:18), “a visitor” (Lk24:18), or “an outsider” (Jn10:5). Here, mallp̄ānā nuḵrāyā should be “an unfamiliar teacher,” and not “a foreign teacher,” as in “a foreign language.” He is from a different school or somewhere else, but he belongs to the same ethnic group (probably West Syrian — they’re talking about “our church”); he speaks Syriac, refers to the children and himself as “we,” calls the children “my sons,” and talks about “our God.” (Random thought: ʾallep̄ looks like alley-oop.)

2017-06-18 **2 nḗlap̄ could also mean “he will learn” or “one will learn”; it is more likely that this means “we will learn,” especially in the answer of the fourth student below. An unambiguous way to say this would be ܙ̇ܕܩ ܠܢ ܕܢܐܠܦ (cf. 1John 3:16). (2017-06-20 Also the teacher himself says ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܢܶܣܬܰܟܰܠ ܡܳܢܐ ܢܨܰܠܶܐ ܠܰܐܠܗܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ, which is more likely to be 1st person plural than 3rd person singular.)

2017-12-06 ܒܹܝܬ݂ and בֵית constr.
ܠܗܳܠܹܝܢ ܬܪܸܥܣܪ ܫܰܕܰܪ ܝܫܘܥ܉ ܘܦܰܩܸܕ ܐܢܘܢ܂ ܘܐ̣ܡܪ. ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܚܰܢ̈ܦܐ܂ ܠܐ ܬܹܐܙܽܠ̱ܘܢ. ܘܠܰܡܕ̥ܝܢ̱ܬ̊ܐ ܕܫܳܡ̈ܪܳܝܐ ܠܐ ܬܸܥܠܘܢ. ܙܸܠܘ ܠܟܘܢ ܕܝܢ ܝܰܬܝܪܳܐܝܬ܉ ܠܘܳܬ ܥܸܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܐ̣ܒܕܘ ܡܢ ܒܹܝܬ̥ ܝܺܣܪܳܝܹܠ. (Mt10:5–6⁎)
pqd D = “to command” — ḥænpā = “pagan” — *tḕzlūn > tḕzūn — me̊ḏīntā (מְדִינְתָּא) > syc me̊ḏī(t)tā originally “province” then “(large) city” — teʕ(ʕe̊)lūn — zel le̊ḵṓn = ethical dative (also works as a plural indicator, as in “go ye”)
⟦sed potius īte ad ovēs quae periērunt domūs Isrāēl⟧

2017-12-08 ܘܟܕ ܥ̣ܰܠ ܟܐܦܐ ܠܒܰܝܬܐ܉ ܩܰܕ̊ܡܹܗ ܝܫܘܥ܂ ܘܐ̣ܡܪ ܠܗ. (Mt17:25) — qædde̊mèh: qdm G “to come before”, D “to precede (someone)”
καὶ ὅτε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, προέφθασεν αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγωνπρο-φθάνω [ᾰ], aor. ἔφθᾰσα = “outrun, anticipate” — Greek Orthodox Church 1904 has εἰσῆλθον “they entered” instead of “he entered”; several other versions have ἐλθόντα εἰς (aor. part. acc.) instead of ὅτε εἰσῆλθεν.

2017-12-09 ܡܸܟܹܝܠ ܐܰܚ̈ܝ܉ ܚܰܒܝܒ̈ܐ ܘܰܪ̈ܚـܝܡܐ (Philippians 4:1) = Ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοὶ καὶ ἐπιπόθητοιἐπιπόθητος = “longed for, desired; missed, found wanting” from πόθος, ὁ = “longing, yearning, regret (for something absent or lost)” ⟦Itaque frātrēs meī charissimi [cārissimī], et dēsīderātissimē {dēsīderō ātum}⟧

2017-06-12

ܘܡܶܚܕܐ ܟܽܠܗܘܢ ܒܢ̈ܰܝ ܣܶܕܪܐ ܙܩܰܦܘ̱ ܨܶܒܥܐ ܒܳܥܶܝܢ ܕܢܶܬܠܘܢ ܦܘܢܳܝܐ.
And at once all of the schoolboys raised {zqap̄} a finger {ṣeḇʕā fem.}, asking to give {nettlūn < *nentəlūn} an answer {punnāyā v.n.D (N §117; like šuʾʾālā “question”)}. (mem 2017-12-13)
ܚܰܕ ܡܰܢ ܐܶܡܰܪ: ܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܚܰܕ ܗ̱ܘ ܡܶܢ ܠܶܫܳܢ̈ܐ ܩܰܕܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܶܬܺܝܕܰܥ [ܕܶܐܬܺܝܕܰܥܘ̱ ؟] ܥܰܠ ܐܰܦ̈ܰܝ ܐܰܪܥܐ.
One [student], on the one hand, said: “Because it is one of the earliest languages {mas.} that are known {#2} on (the surface of the) earth.” (mem 2017-12-15)

#2 In the original sentence, this verb ܐܶܬܝܕܰܥ agrees with “one”, not with “languages”. While this may be a typo, it kind of makes sense if the sentence is understood as: “It is one language known on earth, amongst the oldest”. Still, the plural form ܐܶܬܝܕܰܥܘ̱ would be more natural.

ܟ̣ܠ ܡܸܠܵܐ ... ܕܢܹܐܡܪܘܼܢ ܒܢܲܝ̈ܢܵܫܵܐ: ܢܸܬ݁ܠܘܼܢ ܦܸܬ݂ܓ݂ܵܡܵܗ̇ “Every word men will say — they will give a response to it (=they will be held responsible for it)” (Mt12:36)

2018-04-09 On peṯḡāmā n.m.: From Old Iranian *patigāma. On mng. 1a.1 cf. J. C. Greenfield 1982b. In the overwhelming majority of instances this lexeme has the connotation of an official or divine pronouncement as opposed to the otherwise unmarked mlh n.f.

2017-12-11 ṣeḇʕā f. — pl. ṣeḇʕāṯā OR ṣeḇʕḕ: ܐܰܪܡܝ ܨܸܒܥܳܬ̈ܗ ܒܸܐܕܢܘ̈ܗܝ — sing. may be used with plural owners: ܒܨܸܒ݂ܥ݈ܗܘܿܢ ܠܐ ܨܵܒܹܝܢ ܕܢܸܩܪ݈ܒ݂ܘܼܢ ܠܗܹܝܢ “with [even] one finger of thiers, they are not willing to touch them [heavy burdens]” (Mt23:4)

2017-12-14 ܘܰܫ̣ܡܰܥ ܗܹܪܘܕܸܣ ܡܠܟܐ ܥܠ ܝܫܘܥ: ܐܶܬܝܕܰܥ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܠܗ ܓܹܝܪ ܫܡܹܗ (Mk6:14)

2017-12-15 Καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης· φανερὸν γὰρ ἐγένετο τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ·φᾰνερός = “visible, manifest; conspicuous” — ܠܗ in the Syriac version seems unnecessary. The king heard of it, not because the name of J. had been known to him, but because the name had been well-known [and much-rumored] in general.

2018-04-09 Then again, the Syriac version can be interpreted as: “The king heard about J, for his name had been [already] known [even] to him [at that time].” Notice, ʾeṯīḏæʕ (h)wā is plus-quam-perfectum.

2017-06-13

ܘܰܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ: ܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܒܶܗ ܡܰܠܶܠ ܡܳܪܰܢ ܝܶܫܘܥ ܟܰܕ ܒܐܰܪܥܐ ܡܕܰܝܰܪ ܗ̱ܘܐ، ܘܐܳܦ ܒܶܗ ܣܰܒܰܪܘ̱ ܫܠܝ̣ܚ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ.
The second one said: “Because, in it, our Lord Jesus spoke {mll D} when he was spending time {dwr D mḏayyar} on earth, and also in it, the apostles {šlīḥā} of his preached {sbr D}.” (mem 2018-04-11)

Syriac has two kinds of √SBR:

  1. “to expect, to think” (from √śbr): ܘܟܰܕ ܐܶܬܰܘ ܩܰܕܡܳܝ̈ܐ܉ ܣܒܰܪܘ܂ ܕܝܰܬܝܪ ܫܳܩܠܝܢ. “When the first ones came, they expected that they [were] receiving more.” (Mt20:10) — D “to hope” ܡܐ ܕܐ̇ܙܠ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܠܰܐܣܦܰܢܺܝܰܐ܇ ܡܣܰܒܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܕܐܹܬܹܐ ܘܐܸܚܙܹܝܟܘܢ܇ “When I am going to Spain, I hope that I will come and see you guys.” (Rom15:24) — ܐܰܣܦܰܢܺܝܰܐ = more commonly ܐܶܣܦܰܢܺܝܰܐ ES ܐܸܣܦܵܢܝܼܵܐ = Ἱσπᾱνία (Ἱσπᾱνίᾱ?): the corresponding word in the Greek NT is Σπανία.
  2. D “to announce, bring news; to preach the gospel” — pure Syriac from šbarṯā sḇærṯā “message”, also pure Syriac, from √bsr (bśr) with metathesis: ܡܣܰܒܰܪ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܚܰܕܘܬܐ ܪܰܒܬ̥ܐ. “I am announcing, to you guys, great joy {ḥaddūṯā} (=great news).” (Lk2:10)

2017-12-28 In D, etc., Gaminate verbs behave like strong verbs: ܘܒܳܬܰܪ ܠܰܚܡܐ ܗܳܝܕܹܝܢ ܐܸܬܥܰܠܰܠ ܒܗ ܣܳܛܳܢܐ (to be brought into; to invade) — καὶ μετὰ τὸ ψωμίον τότε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὁ σατανᾶς.ψωμίον = Dim. of ψωμός “morsel, bit” ܗܳܝܕܹܝܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܰܠܸܠ܁ ܥܰܡ ܟܸܢ̈ܫܐ܁ ܘܥܰܡ ܬܰܠܡܝ̈ܕܰܘܗ̱ܝ܂ (Mt23:1⁎)

2017-06-14

ܘܰܬܠܝܬ̥ܳܝܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ: ܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܠܶܫܳܢܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܐ ܕܥܺܕ̱ܬܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ، ܘܒܶܗ ܣܝܡܝܢ ܟܽܠܗܘܢ ܛܶܟܣ̈ܐ ܕܰܨܠܰܘ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ.
The third one said: “Because it was (has been?) the language of the church of ours; and, in it, all of the rituals {#3} of prayers {ṣlṓṯā pl. ṣlawwāṯā N §77} [were? has been?] put (=given). (mem 2018-04-12)

#3 ṭekk(ə)sā (< τάξις “arrangement, order”) = “rite, custom, practice”

2018-04-11 ES ܛܲܟ݂ܣܵܐ with the vowel æ and a soft K (N §25).

ܘܗܰܝܡܶܢܘ܁ ܐܰܝܠܶܝܢ ܕܣܝܡܝܢ ܗ̱ܘܰܘ ܠܚܰܝ̈ܐ ܕܰܠܥܳܠܰܡ. “And they belived — those who had been placed to (=chosen for) the lives of eternity.” (Ac13:48)

2017-06-15

ܘܰܪܒܝܥܳܝܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ: ܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܒܶܗ ܣܳܡܘ̱ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܳܬ̥ܰܢ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ ܣܰܓܺܝ̈ܶܐܐ ܕܬܰܘܕܝܬ̥ܐ ܘܰܕܡܰܪܕܘܬ̥ܐ، ܘܙܳܕܶܩ ܕܢܺܐܠܰܦ ܐܶܢܘܢ.
And the forth one said: “Because, in it, our fathers {ʾaḇāhayn = ʾaḇāhāṯan (esp. in Acts)} composed (“put”) many books of religion {tawdīṯā} and education {mardūṯā}, and it is proper that we will learn them.” (mem 2018-04-13)

ܗܠܝܢ ܕܝܢ ܟܠܗܶܝܢ ܕܰܓ̣ܕܰܫ ܠܗܘܢ܂ ܠܛܘܦܣܰܢ ܗ̣ܘܱ̈ܝ. ܘܐܬܟܬܒ ܡܛܠ ܡܰܪܕܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܢ܇ “But all of these that happened {gḏaš 3fs} to them, became {hway 3fs: P-NY way ‘were’} our example {τύπος ṭupsā LS2/3: P-UK ṭup̄}; and were written {3fs: H ܐܶܬܟܬܶܒܶܝ̈ܢ} for the education of ours.” (1Cor10:11)

2018-04-12 ydy = C “to give thanks”: ܐܰܘܕܝ, from which ܬܰܘܕܝ(ܬܐ) = “praising” N §127

2017-06-16

ܘܰܚܕܝ ܢܘܟ̥ܪܳܝܐ ܡܶܢ ܦܘܢܳܝ̈ܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ، ܘܐܶܡܰܪ: ܐܝܢ ܒܢ̈ܰܝ، ܘܐܳܦ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܢܶܣܬܰܟܰܠ ܡܳܢܐ ܢܨܰܠܶܐ ܠܰܐܠܳܗܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ ܛܳܒܐ ܀
The guest [teacher] was glad at {#4} these answers {punnāyā}, and said: “Yes, my sons. And also, [we learn it] so that we may understand {sakkel ‘to teach’ Dt} what we will pray {ṣallī} to our good God.” (mem 2018-04-16)

This might mean that, while the children know some prayers in Classical Syriac, they may not know exactly what those ancient words mean. But the third child has already said a similar thing. Perhaps the teacher simply mean that, as (in his opinion) God speaks Syriac, one will have to pray in this language.

#4 ḥḏī b- in Peshitta, not ḥḏī men: e.g. ܘܐܢ ܢܶܫܟܚܶܗ܂ ܐܡܹܝܢ ܐ̇ܡܪܢܐ ܠܟܘܢ܉ ܕܚ̇ܕܐ ܒܗ ܝܰܬܝܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܫܥܝܢ ܘܬܫܥܐ ܕܠܐ ܛ̣ܥܰܘ ܀ (Mt18:13⁎)

Lk23:8⁎

ܗܹܪܘܕܶܣ ܕܝܢ ܟܕ ܚ̣ܙܳܝܗܝ ܠܝܫܘܥ܁ ܚܕܝ ܛܳܒ. ܨ̇ܒܐ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܓܝܪ ܠܡܶܚܙܝܶܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܙܰܒܢܐ ܣܰܓܝܐܐ. ܡܛܠ ܕܫ̇ܡܥ ܗܘܐ ܥܠܘܗܝ ܣܰܓܝ̈ܳܐܬܐ. ܘܡܰܣܒܰܪ ܗܘܐ܂ ܕܡܕܡ ܐܳܬܐ ܢܶܚܙܶܐ ܡ̣ܢܗ.

masbar C ≈ msabbar D = “hopes” (the difference is not visible unless pointed)

✽ Seems D in the Harklean version:

ܐܝܪܘܕܝܣ ܕܝܢ ܟܕ ܚ̣ܙܝܗܝ ܠܝܫܘܥ܆ ܚ̣ܕܝ ܣ̇ܓܝ.
Herodes autem quum vidiſſet Jeſum, gāvīſus eſt valdē:
ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ ܓܝܪ ܕܨ̇ܒܐ ܡܢ ܙܒܢܐ ܣܓܝܐܐ ܠܡܚ̣ܙܝܗ܆
erat enim cupiens ex tempore multo videre eum;
ܡܛܠ ܕܫ̇ܡܥ ܗܘܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ ܡܶܛܽܠܳܬܶܗ܆
quia audiebat multa de eo,
ܘܡܣܲܟܪ ܗܘܐ ܕܡܕܡ ܐܬ̇ܐ ܢܚ̣ܙܐ ܡܢܗ ܕܗ̇ܘܝܐ.
et ſperabat aliquod ſignum videre ab eo fierī [faciō pass.inf ὑπ’αὐτοῦ γινόμενον].

OS-S/C are very similar to P, except OS-S has a curious form ܠܡܚܙܝܗܝ with an extra Yodh (Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe, vol. 2, p. 56).

2017-06-18

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܡܳܢܐ ܫܰܐܶܠ ܢܘܟ̥ܪܳܝܐ ܠܝܳܠܘܦ̈ܐ؟
ܫܰܐܠ ܐܢܘܢ: ܠܡ̇ܢܐ ܙ̇ܕܩ ܕܢܐܠܦ ܠܸܫܳܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ؟
He asked them: “Why is it right that we study the Syriac language?” {At least in P, šaʾʾel ʾennṓn is commonly used, not *šaʾʾel lhṓn}
2 ܡܳܢܐ ܥܒܰܕܘ̱ ܟܰܕ ܣܰܐܶܠ ܐܶܢܘܢ؟
ܡܶܚܕܐ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܣܶܕܪܐ ܙ̣ܩܦܘ ܨܶܒܥܐ ܒ̇ܥܶܝܢ ܕܢܶܬܠܘܼܢ ܦܘܢܳܝܐ.

2017-06-20

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܠܶܫܳܢܐ؟
ܗ̇ܘ ܐ̣ܡܪ: ܡܛܠ ܕܚܰܕ ܗ̱ܘ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܶܐܬܺܝܕܰܥܘ̱ ܥܠ ܐܰܦ̈ܰܝ ܐܰܪܥܐ.
4 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܬܪܰܝܢܐ؟ ܬܠܝܬ̥ܳܝܐ؟ ܪܒܝܥܳܝܐ؟
ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ ܐ̣ܡܪ: ܡܛܠ ܕܒܗ ܡܰܠܠ ܡܳܪܰܢ ܝܫܘܥ. ܘܰܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܐ̣ܡܪ: ܡܛܠ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܕܥܕ̱ܬܐ ܕܝܠܢ. ܘܰܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܐ̣ܡܪ: ܡܛܠ ܕܒܗ ܣ̣ܡܘ̱ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܳܬܰܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܣܰܓܝ̈ܶܐܐ.
5 ܡܳܢܐ ܦܰܢܝ ܢܘܟ̥ܪܳܝܐ ܥܠܰܝܗܘܢ؟
ܗ̇ܘ ܦ̇ܢܝ: «ܐܝܢ ܒܢ̈ܰܝ، ܘܐܳܦ ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܕܢܶܣܬܰܟܰܠ ܡܳܢܐ ܢܨܰܠܶܐ ܠܰܐܠܗܐ ܕܝܠܰܢ ܛܳܒܐ.»
6 ܐܰܝܢܰܘ ܦܘܢܳܝܐ ܕܰܫܦܰܪ ܠܳܟ ܝܰܬܝܪ ܡܶܢ ܟܽܠ؟
Which is the answer {punnāyā} that is most satisfactory for you among all?
ܪ̇ܚܡܐ ܐܢܐ ܠܦܘܢܳܝܐ ܪܒܝܥܳܝܐ. ܐܝܬ ܠܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ.

2017-06-21

ܦܰܢܐ ܟܬ̥ܝܒܬ̥ܳܢܳܐܝܺܬ̥ [ܟܬܝܒܬ̊ܳܢܐܝܬ] ܣܘܟܳܠ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ

ܢܘܟܪܳܝܐ: ܐܰܝܟ: ܐܶܬ̥ܐ ܓܰܒܪܐ ܢܘܟ̥ܪܳܝܐ ܠܒܰܝܬܰܢ.
Foreign (example): A foreign man came to our house.
7 ܐܝܩܳܪܐ: ܢ̣ܣܒ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܝܩܳܪܐ.
Honor: He received honor from God.
8 ܙܩܰܦ: ܙ̣ܩܦ ܐܠܗܐ ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܥܠ ܐܪܥܐ.
To raise: God raised (set up) mountains on the earth.
9 ܦܘܢܳܝܐ: ܚܕܝ ܡܰܠܦܢܐ ܒܦܘܢܳܝܗ ܕܛܠܝܐ.
Reply: The teacher was happy with the answer of the boy.

2017-06-22

10 ܡܰܠܶܠ: ܡܰܠܦܳܢܐ ܡܰܠܶܠ ܥܰܡܗܘܢ ܘܶܐܡܪ ܠܗܘܢ.
To talk: The teacher talked with them and said to them.
11 ܫܠܝ̣ܚ̈ܐ: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܚܕ ܡ̣ܢ ܬܪܶܥܣܰܪ ܫܠܝܚ̈ܐ.
Apostles: Šemʕṓn was one of the twelve apostles.

2017-06-23

ܗܰܒ 2 [ܬܪܝܢ] ܫܘܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܣܰܩܘܒܠܳܝ̈ܐ ܠܟܽܠ ܫܡܐ

šummāhā = “attributive (adjective)” [Alan 56]; saqqūḇlāy(ā) = “opposite”

12 ܛܘܪܐ ܐܝܠܳܢܐ ܦܺܐܪܐ ܢܰܚܬܐ ܝܳܠܘܦܐ
naḥtā = m.! “outer garment, coat” (Hard T)
ܐܰܝܟ: ܛܘܪܐ ܪܳܡܐ - ܪܟܝܢܐ
Example: High/Low mountain
ܢܰܚܬܐ ܚܰܕܬܐ - ܥܰܬܝܩܐ.
[Example:] New {ḥaṯā}/Old {ʕattīqā} coat
ܛܘܪܐ ܪܒܐ - ܙܥܘܪܐ
Big/Small mountain
ܐܝܠܳܢܐ ܚܰܕܬ̥ܐ - ܥܰܬܝܩܐ
New/Old tree
ܦܐܪܐ ܒܰܣܢܡܐ - ܡܰܪܝܪܐ
Sweet/Bitter {marrīrā} fruit
ܢܰܚܬܐ ܕܰܟ̥ܝܐ - ܛܰܡܳܐܐ
Clean/Unclean coat
ܝܳܠܘܦܐ ܛܳܒܐ - ܒܝܫܐ
Good/Bad student

Semitic Languages

2017-06-12

🖉 Memo: ✽ Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East

                 +--[Old South Arabian?] (See below)
                 |
                 |   +---North Ethiosemitic (Geez & Tigrinya/Tigre)
          Ethio------|
          |          +---South Ethiosemitic (Amharic, Sebat Bet Gurage*, Siltʼe**)
      S---|
      |   +-----Modern South Arabian
   W--|
   |  |   +--- - - - - Arabic?
   |  |   |
   |  |   |   +-Ugaritic
   |  C---|   |
PS-|      |   |    +-[Phoenician?]
   |      NW--|    |
   |          |  +---Hebrew
   |          +--|
   |             +---Aramaic
   | 
   E----Akkadian

* as Chaha
** as Walani

2017-06-17

Old South Arabian

While everyone agrees that Modern South Arabian (MSA), with Ethiopian, belongs to South Semitic, Old South Arabian (Ṣayhadic) is sometimes said South, sometimes said Central. The following diagram is based on glottolog, where OSA is Central:

               +---Tigre-Tigrinya
               |
               +---S. Ethiopic (Amharic, etc.)
      Ethio----|
      |        +---Geez
      |
      +---------Modern South Arabian
   W--|
   |  |   +--Old South Arabian (Ṣayhadic)
   |  |   |
   |  |   +--- - - - - Arabic?
   |  |   |
   |  |   |   +-Ugaritic
   |  C---|   |
PS-|      |   |    +-Phoenician
   |      NW--|    |
   |          +------Hebrew
   |          |
   |          +------Aramaic
   | 
   E----Akkadian

SIL also puts OSA within Central Semitic, except it thinks that Canaanite is more closely related to Arabic, than to Aramaic. SIL’s idea of Central Semitic:

  +--Old South Arabian
  |
  +--Aramaic
C-|
  |  +--Arabic
  +--|
     +--Hebrew/Samaritan

OSA, or Ṣayhadic, includes four languages, which were used around Ṣayhad (صيهد) — Ṣayhad is a desert in northwestern Yemen, perhaps better known as Ramlat-as-Sabʿatayn رَمْلَة السَبْعَتَيْن.

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The following image shows the rough positions of several ancient kingdoms (ref. The Kingdoms of Ancient Arabia) where OSA was spoken — Ṣanʿāʾ (the capital of Yemen) is also shown:

PNG 4 KiB

2017-07-07

Modern South Arabian Languages

http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf Quoted as «»

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/download/1851/orthographic_characters Quoted as “” http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/info/125219/modern_south_arabian_languages/2371/orthographic_characters

Shehri [shv] is called «Jibbāli» or “Śḥerɛ̄t”: its Arabic name is شحرية (šaḥarī(tun)?)

https://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/173010/MSALProjectInformation.pdf

Table of the Syriac Written-Character

2017-07-17

Taken from N (English), Appendix.

JPG 1.2MiB (2500×1500 JPEG 1.2 MiB): (4100×2450 PNG 4.3 MiB)

2017-07-23 Sendschirli = Sam'al: Zincirli Höyük, Gaziantep Province, Turkey

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 24] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 24 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܰܐܪܒܥܐ]: ܛܰܠܝܐ ܘܰܥܢܳܢܐ

2017-06-01

ʕnānā = “cloud” is fem. in Syriac (N §84); Heb עָנָן is masculine (prob. also Jar עֲנָנָא); masculine in jpa too (Schulthess 149a).

ܛܰܠܝܐ: ܥܢܳܢܐ، ܐܰܝܡܶܟܐ ܐܶܬ̥ܰܝܬܝ̱: ܘܥܰܠ ܚܰܨܰܝܟ̈ܝ̱ ܡܳܢܐ ܛܥܺܝܢܰܬ̥ܝ̱ [ܛܥܝܢܰܬ̊ܝ̱]܉
BOY: O cloud, from where did you come; and on your back(s) {ḥaṣṣā -ḕ pl. “loins”} what are you carrying {#1}? (mem 2017-09-11)
ܘܗܳܟ̥ܰܢ ܒܐܰܦ̈ܐ [ܒܰܐܦ̈ܐ] ܟܡܝܪ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ܇ ܠܡܘܢ ܒܐܳܐܰܪ ܗܳܢܐ ܟܳܪܟ̥ܰܬ̥ܝ̱ [ܟܳܪܟ̊ܰܬ̊ܝ̱].
And like that, with your dark {#2} face(s); for what, in this air (≈in the sky), are you going round {#3}? (mem 2017-09-12)

7+7 syllables / line

#1 ṭʕīnā p.p. fem. + ʾa(n)t(y) = ṭʕīnat(y): a is short, t is hard (N §64)

#2 kmīr, kmīrā p.p. “gloomy, dark (as in cloud)” 顔を曇らせた雲(笑): fem. kmīrTā, pl. kmīrāṯā — ʾappḕ is fem. pl.

#3 krāḵ kraḵ = “to go round”: part. kārèḵ, kārkā: +ʾa(n)t(y) = kārkat(y) — freely translated as “Looking for” in the Dictionary section of Book 4, probably because the literal translation is “going around with your face”.

2017-09-04 ܘܰܐܚ̈ܘܳܬܹܗ ܟܠܗܝܢ܈ ܠܐ ܗܐ ܠܘܳܬܰܢ ܐܢܝ̈ܢ܉ ܐܰܝܡܟܐ ܠܗ (ܗܳܟܹܝܠ) ܠܗܢܐ ܗܠܝܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ. = καὶ αἱ ἀδελφαὶ αὐτοῦ οὐχὶ πᾶσαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς εἰσίν; πόθεν οὖν τούτῳ ταῦτα πάντα; (Mt13:56⁎) — hāḵḗl (for οὖν) in P-UK, but not in P-NY, OS-S, OS-C.

2017-09-04 When contracted, sg. 2m and sg 2f become identical in sound (except in 3rd-Y): e.g. qāṭèl ʾætt vs. qāṭlā ʾætt(y), but qāṯlætt and qāṭlætt(y). However, if the 3rd rad. can be soft, I think there will be differences, like: kāṯèḇ ʾætt = kāṯḇætt vs. kāṯbā ʾætt(y) = kāṯbætt(y). Also, qāṭèl ʾætt > qāṭlætt suggests that the vowel è is short and deletable, though this may be a special case and è may be long after all.

2017-06-02

ܥܢܳܢܐ: ܒܶܪܝ̱ ܡܶܢ ܝܰܡܐ ܩܳܕܡܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ: ܘܥܘܬ̥ܪܐ ܪܰܒܐ ܛܥܝܢܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ܉
CLOUD: My son, I am proceeding from the sea; and I am carrying great wealth {ʕuṯrā}. (mem 2017-09-13)
ܒܛܘܦ̈ܐ ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ܇ ܚܰܝ̣̈ܐ ܠܥܳܠܡܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ.
With these tiny drops {ṭuppḕ #4}, I am giving lives to the world. (mem 2017-09-14)

#4 ṭupp(ə)ṯā, pl. ṭuppḕ (CAL) = “a drop” √ nṭp (N §105)

2017-12-03 The form ṭuppe̊ṯā is not fully attested; for Qarah. it was probably ṭûp̄tā, as the T is not marked soft in Book 4, Lesson 30. However, there is a related word ṭeppṯā (pl. ṭeppē) in (neo-)Syriac, which means “accent point, diacritic” (Merx 124:6, 126:17; Maclean 113b). Also, טִיפָּה “drop” is well attested (Jastrow 533b), with LJLA var. טופה (CAL).

2017-10-16 ܛܘܥܝܰܝ ܕܥܘܬܪܐ (Mt13:22) — ṭuʕyay = “erroneous behavior or worship”, -ai = old feminine ending, in the absolute state (N §83).

2017-06-03

ܥܢܳܢܐ: ܒܝ ܫܳܦܥܝܢ ܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕܢܶܒܥܐ: ܒܝ ܪܳܘܶܐ ܘܫܳܘܰܚ ܙܰܪܥܐ܉
CLOUD: By me, the water of a fountain {neḇʕā} is overflowing {šp̄aʕ}; by me, a seed quenches its thirst {#5} and sprouts {#6}. (mem 2017-10-24)
ܒܝ ܬܠܶܝܢ ܚܰܝ̣̈ܐ ܕܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ܇ ܕܠܐ ܐܶܢܐ ܐܳܒܕܐ ܐܰܪܥܐ.
The lives of creatures {#8} depend {#7} on me; without me, the earth {f.} [would] perish {#9}. (mem 2017-11-19)

#5 rwā = “to be sated with drink; to be drunk” ⟦pōtū satiātus est; inēbriātus est⟧

#6 šwaḥ = “to sprout”: consonantal waw (CAL); originally šmḥ, cf. ṣmaḥ “to shine; sprout” (LS2)

2017-09-15 ܐܰܫܦܰܥܬ̥ܳܗ̇ ܥܰܠ ܪܹܫܹܗ (Mt26:7) — Aph. ʾæšpæʕ “he poured,” ʾæšp(ə)ʕæṯ “she poured.” When -æṯ is added, the æ before ʕ is deleted. When, then, this form is suffixed, the æ of -æṯ is deleted, while the æ before ʕ is restored (ʾæšpæʕæṯāh, where the ṯ remains soft).

#7 tlā = “to suspend, to hang”: tlḕn = pass. part. pl. “depend on” +b- (e.g. Mt22:40) — cf. act. tālḕn

#8 brīṯā = “creature”, pl. beryāṯā = “creatures, the word”

#9 ʾeḇaḏ = “to perish” usually intr. Possibly “I am not wasting the ground” (where ʾāḇdā is tr.), but not very likely. Perh. this is like N §312B “when I [was] a little boy”. i.e. “I am not the perishing ground” ? [Wrong; see below]

2017-06-05

2017-06-04

ܛܰܠܝܐ: ܐܝܘ ܐܶܡܐ ܕܥܘܕܪ̈ܳܢܐ: ܩܰܘܳܝ ܒܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܝܘܬ̥ܪ̈ܳܢܐ܉
BOY: Well done {#10}, O mother of benefits {#11} (=beneficial mother)! Remain {qawwā D} in these advantages {yuṯrānā}. (mem 2017-11-27)
ܟܽܠ ܓܶܝܪ ܣܳܥܰܪ ܛܳܒ̈ܳܬ̥ܳܐ܇ ܡܩܰܒܶܠ ܛܳܒ̈ܐ ܦܘܪ̈ܥܳܢܐ.
For all [who is] doing {sʕar} good things {ṭāḇṯā, ṭāḇāṯā} receives good rewards {purʕānḕ}. (mem 2017-11-28)

#10 ḗw = εὖ = “well done!”: in this case, prob. a disyllable like ʾī-u. [2017-11-27 cf. Mt25:21]

#11 ʕuḏrānā = “aid, benefit, relief”

ܦܰܫܶܩ ܡܺܐܡܪܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܕܰܠܥܶܠ.
Explain {paššeq} the above poem {mḗmrā}.

2017-11-19 ܗܵܕܹܐ ܕܹܝܢ ܠܥܘܼܕ݂ܪܵܢܟ݂ܘܿܢ ܗ݇ܘܼ ܕܝܼܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ ܐܵܡܲܪ ܐ݇ܢܵܐ. (1Cor7:35) ⟦Porrō hoc ad ūtilitātem vestram dico.⟧ — ܝܘܬ̥ܪܳܢܐ ܪܰܒܐ (Ac19:24)

2017-11-22 ܠܐ ܓܹܝܪ ܡܲܡܪܲܚ ܐ݇ܢܐ ܕܐܹܡܲܪ ܡܸܕܸ݁ܡ ܕܠܐ ܣ̣ܥܲܪ ܒܐܝܼܕܲܝ̈ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܠܡܲܫ݈ܡܥܐ ܕܥܲܡܡܹ̈ܐ: ܒܡܸܠܬ݂ܐ ܘܒܲܥܒ݂ܵܕܹ̈ܐ:܀ (Rom15:18⁎) — ʾæmræḥ C “to dare”; mæšmʕā = “hearing”

2017-11-27 sʕr = “to visit” (See Lesson 25), “to look after; to do, commit”

2017-11-28 ܕܲܠܡܐ (ܘ)ܐܵܦ ܗܸܢ̣ܘܿܢ ܢܸܩܪܘܿܢܵܟ: ܘܢܸܗܘܹܐ ܠܵܟ ܦܘܼܪܥܵܢܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ. (Lk14:12): hennṓn (←→ hennēn); neqrṓn-āḵ (Mingana, Parad. Douzième)

2017-06-06

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܡܶܢ ܐܰܝܟܐ ܐܳܬ̥ܝܐ ܥܢܳܢܐ؟
ܐܳܬܝܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܡܐ.
It is coming from the sea.
2 ܡܳܢܐ ܛܥܝܢܐ ܥܢܳܢܐ؟
ܛܥܝܢܐ ܡܝ̈ܐ: ܐܝܬ ܒܗ̇ ܛܘܦ̈ܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܝܳܬܐ.
It carries water: there are small drops in it.
3 ܐܰܝܢܐ ܝܘܬ̥ܪ̈ܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܠܒܰܪܢܳܫܐ؟
ܒܰܪܢܳܫܐ ܠܐ ܡܶܫܟܰܚ ܠܡܶܚܐ ܕܠܐ ܡܝ̈ܐ، ܘܰܥܢܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܠܗ ܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܡܛܪܐ.
A man is not able to live {l-meḥḥā} without water, and a cloud gives him water with rain.
4 ܐܰܝܢܐ ܝܘܬ̥ܪܳܢܐ ܝܳܗܒܐ ܠܙܰܪ̈ܥܐ؟
ܙܰܪ̈ܥܐ ܡܩܰܒܠܝܢ ܠܡܝ̈ܐ ܘܫܳܘܚܝܢ.
Seeds receive water and sprout. {√šwḥ: šāwḥīn, not *šāyḥīn; as in P Ps 92:8}

2017-06-07

ܬܪܶܥܣܰܪ ܝܰܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܫܰܢ̱ܬܐ

5 ܝܰܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܬܰܕܐܳܐ: ܐܳܕܳܪ + ܢܝܣܳܢ + ܐܺܝܳܪ
The months of spring: ʾĀḏār {P Esth3:7}, Nīsān, ʾĪyār
6 ܝܰܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܩܰܝܛܐ: ܚܙܺܝܪܳܢ + ܬܳܡܘܙ + ܐܳܒ
The months of summer: Ḥzīrān {P Esth8:9}, Tāmūz, ʾĀḇ

2017-06-08

7 ܝܰܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܬܶܫܪ̈ܳܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ [ܕܬܶܫܪ̈ܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ]: ܐܝܠܘܠ + ܬܶܫܪܝ ܩܕܶܡ (ܩܕܝܡ) + ܬܶܫܪܝ ܐ̱ܚܪܳܝ
The months of autumn {tešryāṯā LS2 LS3 TS2-4514}: ʾĪlö́l {Neh6:15 #1, Alan}, Tešrī Qḏem (Qḏīm), Tešrī Ḥrāy
8 ܝܰܪ̈ܚܶܐ ܕܣܰܬ̥ܘܐ: ܟܳܢܘܢ ܩܕܝܡ[/ܩܕܶܡ] + ܟܳܢܘܢ ܐ̱ܚܪܳܝ + ܫܒܳܛ
The months of winter: Kānṓn Qḏem/Qḏīm, Kānṓn Ḥrāy {P Esth2:16}, Šḇāṭ {ES Šḇaṭ P Ze1:7}

#1 P-OT, London (1913) = Urmia (1852), also Mosul (1887) — but possibly ʾĪlÜl, ʾḖlÜl (Mura 3*); WS ʾīlül, ʾaylül (TS1-152)

ܣܰܒ ܕܝܠܟ܂ ܘܙܶܠ. ܨ̇ܒܐ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܕܝܢ܁ ܕܰܠܗܢܐ ܐ̱ܚܪܳܝܐ܁ ܐܶܬܶܠ ܐܝܟ ܕܠܳܟ. (Mt20:14⁎)

2017-06-09

ܠܰܚܶܡ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܕܢܳܩܦܝܢ ܕܘܟܰܬ̥ ܢܘܩ̈ܙܐ

nqep̄ = “to adhere to; to be connected with; (gram.) to agree with” — ܡܰܢ ܕܢ̇ܩܦ ܕܝܢ ܠܡܳܪܰܢ܉ ܗ̇ܘܐ ܥܰܡܗ ܚܕܐ ܪܘܚ. (1Cor6:17⁎)

9 ܒܣܰܬ̥ܘܐ ... ܥܳܐܶܙ ܩܘܪܐ ܘܢܳܚܶܬ̥ ܡܶܛܪܐ ܘܬܰܠܓܐ.
In winter, coldness becomes intense {√ʾzz}, and rain and snow fall.
10 ܒܬܰܕܐܳܐ ... ܡܶܙܕܰܗܝܐ ܐܰܪܥܐ ܒܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ ܘܗܰܒܳܒ̈ܐ.
In spring, the ground is made shining {√zhy Dt #2} with roses and flowers.

#2 ʾezdahhī part. mezdahhē, mezdah(hə)yā — when the 1st rad. is z, Gt/Dt is -ezd- < *-eḏz- < *-eṯz- (N §26A)

2017-06-10

11 ܒܩܰܝܛܐ ... ܬܳܩܶܦ ܚܘܡܐ ܘܡܶܬܚܨܶܕ ܙܰܪܥܐ.
In summer, heat is strong and seed (grain) is reaped {ḥṣaḏ Gt}.
12 ܒܬܶܫܪ̈ܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ .... ܟܝܳܢܐ ܩܳܐܰܪ ܘܛܰܪ̈ܦܐ ܕܐܺܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܢܳܬ̥ܪܝܢ.
In autumn, the nature (world) {kyānā} is cold {qar √qrr} and the leaves of trees fall.

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 23] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 23 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܰܬܠܳܬܐ]: ܬܰܥܠܐ ܘܐܰܪܢܒܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ

2017-05-18

ʾarne̊ḇā (jpa אַרְנְבָא e.g. TgO Lv11:6): usually feminine, though it could be masculine (N §85); the B is soft, following two consonants.

ܒܚܰܕ ܡܶܢ ܝܰܘ̈ܡܰܝ ܬܰܕܐܳܐ، ܢܶܦܩܰܬ̥ ܐܰܪܢܒܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܠܒܰܪ ܡܶܢ ܢܶܩܥܳܗ̇.
One spring {#1} day {lit. “in one of the days of spring”}, a little hare went outside {lḇar} from her den/cave {neqʕā}. (mem 2017-07-05)

#1 ܬܕܐܐ “herb, grass; spring”: generally (LS2 LS3 Jess) vocalized as taḏā ES teḏā (CAL tēḏā). However, one version of P Deut32:2 makes it teḏʾā as in ܐܲܝܟ ܪ̈ܘܼܚܹܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܬܸܕܐܵܐ “like winds (vapour? spirits?) on the grass” (p. 130b of Pesh. OT, London, 1913, a reprint of U = Urmia, 1852); and the word is probably taḏʾā (taḏʾō) for Qara. [The original word for “winds” is שְׂעִירִם, of uncertain origin, said to mean “droplets, mist”, possibly from שָׂעִר “hairy, ghost”. The translation may have been based on “ghosts”.]

2017-05-30 M = Mosul, 1887–9? (Pesh. OT + NT?): vol. 1, p. 283a (ܪܦܓ) also has the same: ܐܲܝܟ ܪ̈ܘܼܚܹܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܬܸܕ݂ܐܵܐ

2017-07-05 ܠܬܰܥ̈ܠܐ ܢܶܩܥ̈ܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ (Mt8:20/Lk9:58)

2017-05-19

ܘܰܚܙܳܬ̥ ܠܐܳܐܰܪ ܪܘܝ̣ܚܐ، ܘܫܶܡܫܐ ܢܰܗܝܪܐ، ܘܡܰܫܒ̈ܐ ܦܰܝܽܘܚ̈ܐ.
And she saw the vast air (open-air space) {pass. pt. of rwaḥ “to be spacious”, which has a consonantal waw}, the bright sun {nahhīrā adj. √nhr}, and cool {payyūḥḕ, lit. “airy, spacious, breathable”} breezes {mašš(ə)ḇḕ}. (mem 2017-07-10)
ܘܒܶܣܡܰܬ̥ ܢܰܦܫܳܗ̇ ܘܫܰܪܝܰܬ̥ ܪܳܗܛܐ ܘܰܡܩܰܝܙܐ ܥܰܠ ܥܶܣܒܐ ܝܰܪܘܩܐ [ܝܳܪܘܿܩܐ].
Her soul {nap̄šā fem!} [was] merry, and she began running {rhṭ} and jumping [mqayyzā √qwz] on the pale/yellow-green {yārṓqā #2} grass {ʕesbā: hard B in sg.} (mem 2017-07-17)

#2 yārṓqā (CAL, LS2, Jess), not ya-; perh. confused with yarqā “vegetable” and yarqṓnā “herb”, both having a short a?

2017-07-05 ܡܰܫܒ̥ܐ ܕܥܰܠܥܳܠܐ = “blowing of the storm” (Ac27:14): מִשְּׁבָא = “bellows” (cf. TgJ Jer6:29): √nšb *manše̊ḇā

2017-07-06 ܪܘܺܝܚܳܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ = “broad way” (Mt7:13, P-NY/OS-C) — ܐܰܪܘܺܝܚܳܐ ܐܘܪܚܐ (P-UK)

2017-07-12 ܒܣܶܡܬܘܿܢ ܓܝܪ ܥܠ ܐܰܪܥܐ (Jm5:5)

2017-05-20

ܘܒܳܬܰܪ ܡܶܬܚܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ، ܦܓܰܥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܬܰܥܠܐ ܨܢܝܥܐ، ܘܰܩܪܶܒ ܠܘܳܬ̥ܳܗ̇ ܘܐܶܡܰܪ:
And after a little while {meṯḥā}, a shrewd {ṣnīʕā} fox encountered {pḡaʕ b-} her, and came near her and said: (mem 2017-07-18)
ܫܠܳܡ ܠܶܟ̥ܝ̱ ܫܒܳܒܬܐ ܪܚܝ̣ܡܬ̥ܐ [ܪܚܝ̣ܡܬ̊ܐ؟]، ܛܳܒ ܕܰܢܦܰܩܬܝ̱ ܒܗܳܢܐ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܠܛܘܝܳܠܐ.
“Peace to you, dear neighbor {šḇāḇtā f.**2}, [it is] good that you have gone out, in this morning, for a walk {ṭuyyālā **1}.” (mem 2017-07-24)
ܚܘܪܝ̱ ܡܐ ܫܰܦܝܪ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܘܰܟܡܐ ܪܓ̥ܝܓ̥ ܚܶܙܘܐ ܕܥܶܣܒܐ ܪܰܓ̥ܝܐ.
“Look how beautiful this morning [is], and how desirable (pleasant) {rḡīḡ} the appearance of green {raḡyā} grass [is].” (mem 2017-07-24)

The t is soft in rḥūmṯā “beloved” (N §23E); not sure about rḥīmTā.

2017-07-18 ܘܰܩܪܶܒ ܣܳܦܪܐ ܚܕ ܘܐ̣ܡܪ ܠܗ. ܪܰܒܻܝ܉ ܐܹܬܹܐ ܒܳܬܪܳܟ ܠܰܐܬܰܪ ܕܐ̇ܙܠ ܐܢܬ. (Mt8:19⁎) — ʾaṯar (CAL ʾăṯar) abs! — P-NY rabb, C malle̊p̄ānā

2017-07-18 **1 A nōmen actiōnis from Pael, with u after the 1st and ā after the 2nd rad. (N §117): ṭayyel “to walk to and fro” √ṭwl.

2017-07-21 **2 The T of šḇāḇTā seems hard (CAL), except that in Ex3:22 P-Mosul it is soft: ܬܸܫܐܲܠ ܐܲܢ݇ܬ݁ܬ݂ܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܬ݂ܵܗ̇ — however U is ܬܸܫܐܲܠ ܐܲܢ݇ܬ݁ܬ݂ܵܐ ܡܲܢ [ܡ̣ܢ] ܫܒ݂ܵܒ݂ܬܵܗ̇ ܘܡ݂ܢ ܬܵܘܬܵܒܲܬ݂ ܒܲܝܬܵܗ̇ [tawtāḇā = “resident, foreigner”] — this T is also soft in some version of TgO Ex3:22: וְתִשְׁאַל אִ(י)תְּתָא מִשֵּׁיבָבְתַהּ (מִשִּׁיבַבְתַּה) וּמִקָּרִיבַת בֵּיתַהּ [qārīḇ = “near”]

2017-07-24 ܠܡܸܦܛܰܪ ܪܓܝܓ ܐ̱ܢܐ܉ ܕܥܰܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܐܸܗܘܹܐ. (Phil1:23) — pṭar = “to be separated, to depart life”

2017-05-21

ܐܶܡܪܰܬ̥ ܐܰܪܢܒܐ: ܝܳܕܰܥ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܟܰܝ ܕܐܶܡܝ̱ ܠܐ ܨܳܒܝܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܬ̥ ܕܐܶܦܘܩ ܡܶܢ ܢܶܩܥܐ؟
The hare said: “Do you know by any chance {kay} that my mother did not want me to go out {ʾeppóq **3} from the den/cave?” (mem 2017-08-05)
ܦܰܢܝ ܬܰܥܠܐ: ܫܰܦܝܪ ܥܒܰܪܬܝ̱ ܕܠܐ ܫܡܰܥܬܝ̱ ܒܡܶܠܬ̥ܳܗ̇، ܘܐܶܠܐ ܦܳܐܶܫ ܗ̱ܘܝܬ̥ ܝܰܘܡܳܢ ܕܠܐ ܥܪܳܝܬܐ.
The fox replied: “Wonderfully you’ve passed by, as {#3} you did not listen to {b + thing, l + person} her word; otherwise {w-ellā N §374D} I would {wḗṯ #4} remain today {yäwmān} without {dlā} breakfast.” (mem 2017-08-07)

#3 ܕ is also employed very often in a loose causal connection = “since”, “while” (N §366B). This d-lā is simply d- + lā; later, dlā is used as “without”.

#4 Part. + ܗܘܐ (Perf.) may stand hypothetically (N §277). When the condition is set forth as impossible: In the principal clause the Part. with ܗܘܐ is very generally found. There is no sharp distinction between what is represented, by way of Condition, as still unfinished (si faceret), and what is represented as completed (si fecisset). (N §375A, e.g. Mt24:22)

2017-07-10 si faceret = “if he were doing”; si fecisset = “if he had done”

2017-07-24 **3 ʾe-, not ʾè-: ܐܸܦܘܿܩ ܐܸܚܙܹܝܗ̇ (Lk14:18), from *ʾenpóq

2017-08-06 In Peshitta NT, “today” is always yäwmānā (emph.), e.g. ܠܰܥܡܝܪܐ ܕܚܰܩܠܐ ܕܝܰܘܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬܰܘܗܝ = “hay of the field which exists today” (Mt6:30) — OS has yäwmān (abs.): ܠܰܥܡܝܪܐ ܕܕܰܒܪܐ ܕܝܰܘܡܳܢ ܐܝܬܰܘܗܝ = “hay of the high pasture which exists today” (Mt6:30 OS-C) — Also, Pesh. OT seems to have the emph. form only, e.g. ܫܡܲܥ ܝܼܣܪܵܝܹܠ: ܐܲܢ݇ܬ݁ܘܿܢ ܩܵܪܒ݁ܝܼܬ݁ܘܿܢ ܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܩܪܵܒܵܐ (P Dt20:2): qārbī(n) tṓn = “you guys approach, you guys go toward”; qrāḇā = “war, battle”

2017-08-07 ܘܠܵܐܕ݂ܵܡ ܐܸܡܲܪ: ܥܲܠ ܕܲܫܡܲܥܬ݁ ܒܩܵܠܵܗ̇ ܕܐܲܢ݇ܬ݁ܬ݂ܵܟ (P Gn3:17) — ܐܶܢ ܐ̱ܢܫ ܫ̇ܡܥ ܒܩܳܠܝ (P-UK Rev3:20) ܐܸܢ ܐ݇ܢܵܫ ܫܡ̇ܥ ܠܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܝ (P-NY same)

2017-05-22

ܘܡܶܚܕܐ ܣܥܳܐ ܥܠܶܝܗ̇ ܘܚܰܛܦܳܗ̇ ܘܐܶܙܰܠ.
Then at once he rashly attacked {sʕy ʕl} her, and snatched her, and went away. (mem 2017-08-10)

2017-08-09 ܠܐ ܢܣܥܹܐ ܥܠ ܬܪ̈ܥܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ = “he shall not intrude into the gates of theirs” (3Ezra 4:49 [aka 1Esdras], Syro-hexapla: Lagarde Libri Veteris Testamenti Apocryphi Syriace (1861), p. 147) — ܠܐ ܓܝܪ ܝܗ̣ܒ (ܝ̇ܗܒ) ܗ̱ܘܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܰܬܪܐ ܕܰܢܕ̥ܘܼܫܘܼܢ (ܕܢܶܣܥܘܿܢ) ܒܐܪܥܹܗ = “for he had not given (M: was not giving) [them such] an opportunity {ʾaṯrā} that they might tread on {dwš} (intrude into) his land” (P 1Mac12:25, ibid. p. 201: “intrude into” is from the aberrant text of 7a1) — Libri Veteris Testamenti Apocryphi Syriace also includes a Syriac version of 3 Maccabees.

🖉 Memo (2017-08-11): Introduction to the Electronic Peshitta Text

2017-05-23

ܘܟܰܕ ܝܶܕܥܰܬ̥ ܐܶܡܳܗ̇ ܒܗܰܘ ܡܐ ܕܰܓܕܰܫ ܠܒܰܪܬ̥ܳܗ̇، ܐܶܡܪܰܬ̥ ܒܠܶܒܐ ܟܡܝܪܐ:
And when her mother learned — in/on that one {? #6} — what (had) happened to her daughter, she said with a sad {kmīrā pass. pt. of kmar} heart:(mem 2017-08-22)
ܡܐ ܬܥܝܫܝܢ ܐܰܒܳܗ̈ܐ ܕܐܺܝܬ̥ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܢ̈ܰܝܳܐ ܠܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܥܳܢ̈ܐ!
“How distressed {tʕīš pass. pt. of tʕaš} fathers (=parents) are, who have sons (=children) not willing to listen {#5}!” (mem 2017-08-28)

#5 šmaʕ “to hear”, Gt ʾešt(ə)maʕ “to be heard” — syc “to listen (for oneself)”, BA-Dan/Qumran/tgOJ/syc/tmr “to obey”: Gt part. mešt(ə)maʕ, meštamʕā syc “obedient” ≈ Adj. meštamʕān(ā) syc/myz — fem. meštamʕānyā, -ʕānīṯā < *-ʕānyṯā (N §71-1) e.g. James 3:17.

2017-08-27 ܐܝܟ ܒܢ̈ܝܐ ܡܫܬܡ̈ܥܢܐ (Petr1:14)

2017-08-17 ܘܥܲܠ ܠܘܵܬܗܘܢ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܒܨܲܦܪܵܐ: ܘܲܚܙܵܐ ܐܸܢܘܢ ܘܗܵܐ ܟܡܝܪܝܢ (P Gn40:6⁎) — No se̊yāmḕ for a predicative adjective ending in -īn (N §16B).

2017-08-22 וַיָּבֹא אֲלֵיהֶם יוֹסֵף בַּבֹּקֶר וַיַּרְא אֹתָם וְהִנָּם זֹעֲפִים׃ (Gn40:6⁎) — hinnām = hē “behold!” + suffix (G §100o) — zōʕɐ̊p̄īm = pl. of *zōʕēp̄, part. of √zʕp, “to be dejected, haggard, upset” (also in Dan 1:10) [a p.p.-like from of the same root is used in Syriac too: zʕīp̄ā, “stirred, angry”]. Assuming that ܟܡܝܪܝܢ is a good translation of זֹעֲפִים, it seems that ܟܡܝܪܐ is more than just being “sad,” something like “exhausted” or “distressed.” [2017-09-04 In Lesson 24, the “face” of a cloud is called kmīrāṯā: it may mean “depressed,” but it may simply mean “sad.”]

2018-04-15 וַאֲתָא (ועאל) לְוָתְהוֹן יוֹסֵף בְעַפרָא וַחזָא יָתְהוֹן וְהָא אִינוּן נְסִיסִין׃ (TgO Gn40:6⁎) — ʾɐ̊ṯā = ܐܶܬܐ — The word-initial ṣ of ṣæp̄rā is ʕ in JBA. — nsīs = “emotionally disturbed”

2017-08-19 ܘܐ̣ܡܪ ܠܗܘܢ܁ ܡܢܐ ܐܶܢܶܝ̈ܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܗܠܝܢ ܕܰܡܡܰܠܠܝܢ ܐܢ̱ܬܘܢ ܚܕ ܥܡ ܚܕ܇ ܟܕ ܡܗܰܠܟ̥ܝܢ ܐܢ̱ܬܘܢ܂ ܘܰܟܡܝܪܝܢ ܐܢ̱ܬܘܢ. (Lc24:17⁎) = εἶπε(ν) δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς· Τίνες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε πρὸς ἀλλήλους περιπατοῦντες καί ἐστε σκυθρωποί;περιπατέω = “to walk”; σκυθρωπός = “gloomy” — often ; καὶ ἐστάθησαν σκυθρωποί. “they were stopped, gloomy” instead of καί ἐστε σκυθρωποί;

2017-05-24

#6 What does ܝܶܕܥܰܬ ܒܗܰܘ ܡܐ ܕܰܓܕܰܫ mean? Although ܗܰܘ ܡܐ “that which” should be possible, ܝܺܕܰܥ does not take ܒ this way, and so I think this should be understood as ܝܶܕܥܰܬ — ܒܗܰܘ — ܡܐ ܕܰܓܕܰܫ “she knew […] what had happened”, just like ܕܝܶܕܥܰܬ ܡܐ ܕܰܗܘܐ ܠܗ̇ “as she knew what had happened to her[self]” (Mk5:33). Then what is ܒܗܰܘ? Perhaps it means “on that [day]” or “in that [event]”; it could also mean “by him (the fox)”, but that would be unnatural in this case. I’m actually guessing that

might be a typo for this:

2018-10-23 This is not a typo; both the 1960 version (Lesson 30) and the 1977 version (Lesson 23) have it this way (except in the latter ʾemræṯ is written ʾīmræṯ, which is an unrelated typo):
Jpeg Image

2017-08-06 Possibly ܒܗܰܘ “in that one” = ܒܢܶܩܥܐ “in the den”; ܒܬܰܥܠܐ “by that fox” seems impossible.

2017-08-22 Though I’m not convinced, I think it is best to understand this one as “in the den.”

2017-05-25

2Thessalonians 2:6⁎ has this: ܘܗܳܫܐ ܝܳܕܥܝܢ ܐܢܬܘܢ܉ ܡܐ ܕܰܐܚܝܕ ܕܢܶܬܓܠܶܐ ܗ̣ܘ ܒܙܰܒܢܶܗ. “And now you guys know what is holding [him] (OR: what is in charge) so that he may be revealed [only] in his time.” — ʾaḥīḏ “holding” is G p.p. in active meaning (N §280); or adj. ʾaḥḥīḏ (CAL) with ḥ doubled, like bassīm. At this point it is clear that ܝܺܕܰܥ ܡܐ ܕ is an idiomatic expression meaning “to know what…” (also in Ephesians 6:22, Colossians 4:8).

2017-05-26

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܡܘܢ ܚܙܳܬ̥ ܐܰܪܢܒܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܠܒܰܪ؟
What did the little hare see outside?
ܚܙܳܬ ܠܳܐܐܰܪ ܪܘܺܝܚܐ، ܘܫܶܡܫܐ ܢܰܗܝܪܐ، ܘܡܰܫܒ̥̈ܐ ܦܰܝܘܚ̈ܐ.
She saw a wide space, the bright sun, and cool breeze.
2 ܡܰܢ ܦܓܰܥ ܒܰܐܪܢܒܐ ܙܥܘܪܬ̥ܐ [ܙܥܘܪܬ̊ܐ]؟
Who encountered the little hare?
ܦܓ̣ܥ ܒܗ̇ ܬܰܥܠܐ ܨܢܝܥܐ.
A cunning fox encountered her.

ṣnīʕā = “clever” but often “shrewd, sly” ⟦astūtus⟧ — ṣannaʕ D “to plot, scheme”; ʾeṣṭannaʕ Dt “to plot cleverly”, in a bad sense (Ac7:19, Eph4:14).

3 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܶܡܰܪ ܠܳܗ̇ ܬܰܥܠܐ؟
ܐܡ̣ܪ ܠܗ̇: «ܫܠܳܡ ܠܹܟܝ ܫܒܳܒܬܐ ܪܚܝܡܬܐ، ܛܳܒ ܕܰܢܦܰܩܬܝ ܒܗܳܢܐ ܨܰܦܪܐ ܠܛܘܝܳܠܐ.»
He said to her: “Peace to you, dear neighbor. It is good that you have gone out in this morning for a walk.”

2017-05-27

4 ܡܳܢܐ ܦܰܢܝܰܬ̥ ܐܰܪܢܒܐ؟
ܦܰܢܝܰܬ̥ ܐ̇ܡܪܐ: «ܝ̇ܕܥ ܐܢܬ ܟܰܝ ܕܶܐܡܝ̱ ܠܐ ܨ̇ܒܝܐ ܗ̱ܘܬ ܕܶܐܦ̊ܘܩ ܡ̣ܢ ܢܶܩܥܐ؟»
5 ܡܳܢܐ ܗ̱ܘܳܬ̥ ܚܰܪܬ̥ܐ ܕܐܰܪܢܒܐ ܙܥܘܪܬ̥ܐ [ܙܥܘܪܬ̊ܐ]؟
What was the end {har(rə)ṯā} of the little hare?
ܬܰܥܠܐ ܣܥܐ ܥܐܝܗ̇ ܘܚܰܛܦܗ̇ ܘܐ̣ܙܠ.
6 ܡܳܢܐ ܝܳܠܦܝܢܰܢ ܡܶܢ ܗܶܪܓܐ ܗܳܢܐ؟
ܙܳܕܶܩ ܕܢܶܫܡܰܥ ܠܐܰܒܳܗܰܝ̈ܢ ܘܶܐܡ̈ܗܳܬܰܢ.
ܐܸܡ̈ܗܵܬ݂ܢ [ܐܸܡ̈ܗܵܬܲܢ] (P Lam 5:3 — ʾṓlyāṯā)

2017-05-28

ܗܰܒ ܣܘܟܳܠ

7 ܡܩܰܝܙܐ ܪܓ̥ܝܓ̥ ܣܥܐ ܟܡܝܪܐ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܥܳܢ̈ܐ
she is jumping, desirable (abs.), he attacked, sad, obedient (pl.)
ܐܰܝܟ: ܨܶܦܪܐ ܡܩܰܝܙܐ ܥܰܠ ܣܰܘܟܐ.
Ex: A bird is jumping on the branch.

ܩܵܠܹܗ ܕܕܵܕܝܼ [ܕܕܵܕ݂ܝ؟] ܗܵܐ ܗܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܹܐ [ܐܵܬܹܐ؟]: ܡܫܵܘܲܪ ܥܲܠ ܛܘܼܪܹ̈ܐ: ܡܩܲܝܸܙ ܥܲܠ ܪ̈ܵܡܵܬ݂ܵܐ. = “The voice of my beloved! Look, this [guy] is coming, leaping on the mountains, jumping on the hills.” (P Song 2:8⁎) — dāḏā = Palmyrene Nabatean (Qumran) syc “paternal uncle, beloved” — šwar, mšäwwar = “to jump around” (consonantal w)

ܐܰܪܢܒܐ ܡܩܰܝܙܐ ܥܠ ܪܳܡܬ̥ܐ.
The hare is jumping on a hill. {rāmṯā T is soft (N §23E); also as a proper name in Mt2:18}

2017-05-29

rḡīḡ is p.p. of raḡ √rgg, like kṯīḇ. It means “desired, desirable; agreeable, pleasant; fair, precious”, but it also means “desiring” in active sense (e.g. Philippians 1:23).

ܪܓܝܓ ܐܝܠܳܢܐ ܗܢܐ ܠܡܶܚܙܐ.
This tree is pleasant to see.
ܬܰܥܠܐ ܣܥܐ ܥܠ ܐܰܪܢܒܐ.
The fox attacked the hare.
ܐܶܡܪܶܬ ܒܠܶܒܐ ܟܡܝܪܐ.
I said with a sad heart.
ܒܢܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܡܶܫܬܰܡܥܳܢ̈ܐ.
His sons are willing to listen (obedient).

2017-05-30

ܣܥܐ is used only once in Peshitta: ܒܰܕܣܳܥܶܐ ܥܰܠ ܡܶܕܶܡ ܕܠܐ ܚܙܐ = “in that he is [brazenly] attacking the thing which he did not see” i.e. “while he is belittling what he didn’t see” (Colossians 2:18). This is ἃ μὴ ἑώρακεν ἐμβατεύων, where ἑώρακε(ν) [ᾱ?] = ἑόρᾱκε(ν) is pf. of ὁράω, and ἐμβᾰτεύω = “to step in or on, frequent, haunt”; but this μὴ is often omitted and the phrase is reinterpreted as “one who is dwelling on what he saw (=his illusion)” instead of “one who is trampling on what he didn’t see”. Anyway, Peshitta is based on a μὴ-type text (such as Byzantine Majority Text and Greek Orthodox Church 1904), just like Vulgate (“quae nōn vīdit ambulāns”) and KJV (“intruding into those things which he hath not seen”). Ḥarqel: ܟܕ ܗ̇ܢܝܢ ܕܠܐ ܚ̣ܙܐ ܒ̇ܨܐ = “while he is exploring those which he didn’t see”.

2018-09-28 quae nōn vīdit ambŭlāns = “living [those things] which he has not seen” — ambulō is very freq. in eccl. Lat. […] to walk, in the sense of to live, with an adjunct of manner or circumstances (Lewis and Short)

ܠܰܚܶܡ ܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܕܓܰܘܢ̈ܐ ܠܰܫܡܳܗ̈ܐ ܕܰܠܬܰܚܬ

lṯaḥt = adv. “below” — ܘܐ̣ܡܪ ܠܗܘܢ. ܐܢܬܘܢ܂ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܰܠܬ̥ܰܚܬ̊ ܐܰܢ̱ܬܘܢ. (Jn8:23)

ܐܰܝܟ: ܕܰܗܒܐ ܫܥܘܬ̥ܐ.
Ex. yellow {šʕṓṯā #7} gold {dahḇā w. soft B}.

#7 šʕṓṯā — the T is of course soft in Syriac (e.g. in P Je 8:22). CAL⁑ says šˁōtā with hard T, somewhat like tmr שַׁעַוְתָּא “wax”. Also note that CAL only says “waxen”, while LS2 says “adj. colōre cērae, flāvus” and LS3 “adj. [with the] color of wax, yellow”, Costaz “yellow”. While usually the initial š is vowelless, Jess and wikt have an alternative form šāʕṓṯā, and Qara sometimes uses šaʕṓṯā. This is a feminine noun, but apparently it can be used as if it were a common-gender adjective.

8 ܣܘܡܳܩܐ ܚܶܘܳܪܐ ܫܥܘܬ̥ܐ ܝܰܪܘܩܐ [ܝܳܪܘܿܩܐ] ܐܘܟܳܡܐ
red {summāqā}, white, yellow, bluish/green {yārṓqā #8}, black
9 ܕܰܗܒܐ ܦܰܚܡܐ ܚܰܠܒܐ ܕܡܐ ܥܶܣܒܐ
gold {dahVā}, coal, milk (ḥalVā), blood, grass {ʕesBā, ʕes(ɐ̊)Vḕ N §93}
ܕܰܗܒ̥ܐ ܫܥܘܬ̥ܐ
yellow gold
ܦܰܚܡܐ ܐܘܟܳܡܐ
black coal
ܚܰܠܒ̥ܐ ܚܶܘܳܪܐ
white milk
ܕܡܐ ܣܘܡܳܩܐ
red blood
ܥܶܣܒ̊ܐ ܝܳܪܘܿܩܐ
(yellow-)green herb

#8 yārṓqā “yellow-green, green-blue” (CAL), “bluish, livid” (LS3), “pale, ashy, livid” (Jess), also Neo-Syr/Qara “green” (Maclean 118b s.v. ܝܘܼܪܵܩܵܐ ); Qara reads it as ya-. Cf. yarqā “vegetable”

2017-07-04

Deuteronomy 32:2⁎ (syc)

ܢܸܪܣܲܡ ܐܲܝܟ ܡܸܛܪܵܐ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܝ: ܘܢܸܚܘܿܬ݂ ܐܲܝܟ ܛܲܠܵܐ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܝ:
It will drip {rsm a/a} like rain — my instruction {yülp̄ānā: perh. Soft P (LS3) CAL yulləp̄-}. It will descend {ne̊ḥeṯ neḥḥóṯ} like a dew — my speech (mḗmar mḗmrā).
ܐܲܝܟ ܪ̈ܘܚܹܐ ܕܥܲܠ ܬܸܕܐܵܐ: ܘܐܲܝܟ ܪ̈ܣܝܼܣܹܐ (ܐܲܪ̈ܣܝܼܣܹܐ) ܕܥܲܠ ܥܸܣܒܵܐ:܀
Like winds that [are] on herb, and like drops {(ʾæ)rsīsḕ: with ʾæ- in the Leiden critical ed.} that [are] on grass.

Mosul OT

2017-05-31/2017-06-01

Unlike Urmia OT, Mosul OT includes the deuterocanonical books (incl. Susanna, Bel/Dragon), plus 9 chapters from 2 Baruch

2018-04-04

Mosul NT: “vol. 3” (1891) (bad); Gospels (1896)Gospels (1898)?Acts/Letters (1898)

Harklean (White): Evangel. Vol. 1 (possibly better than uni-bonn), Vol. 2 (maybe not better); Acts/Epistol. Vol. 1, Vol. 2 (maybe uni-bonn is better).

Qarahbaš [Book 4, Lesson 22] — ܗܶܪܓܐ 22 [ܕܥܶܣܪܝܢ ܘܰܬ̥ܪ̈ܶܝܢ]: ܐܝܬ̥ܘܬ̥ܐ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ

2017-05-09

ʾīṯūṯā

ܫܰܐܶܠ ܓܶܘܰܪܓܝ ܠܣܳܒܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ، ܡܳܪܝ̱ ܣܳܒܐ: ܐܶܢܗܘ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ ܫܟܝ̣ܚܐ ܗ̱ܽܘ ܒܟܽܠ ܕܘܟ݁، ܠܡܳܢܐ ܗܳܟ̥ܝܠ ܠܐ ܚܳܙܶܝܢܰܢ ܠܶܗ؟
George asked his grandfather {#1}: “Grandfather, sir: if it is that God is a found one {#2} in every place {#3} (=an omnipresent being), then why don’t we see him {#4}?”

#1 sāḇā “old man” > syc jpa/tmr “grandfather”: also syr (Al K).

#2 šḵīḥ, šḵīḥā “found” pass. pt. of ʾeškaḥ: here in the emphatic state.

#3 dük(k) abs. like rab(b), N §23H, Lk9:6 — though CAL⁑ dūḵ [2018-08-18 also rb, gwb, gb].

#4 ḥāzḕ(n) (ḥ)nan = ḥāzḕnan.

2017-05-10

ܦܰܢܝ ܣܳܒܐ، ܫܡܰܥ ܒܶܪܝ̱ ܗܳܢܐ ܡܰܬ̥ܠܐ: ܐܶܢ ܣܳܐܶܡ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܩܶܛܥܐ ܕܫܰܟܰܪ ܚܶܘܳܪܐ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܟܳܣܐ ܡܠܶܐ ܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ، ܚܳܙܶܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܠܫܰܟܰܪ ܕܢܳܚܶܬ̥ ܠܥܘܡܩܐ.
The grandfather replied: “My son, listen to this parable {maṯlā}. If you put a piece {qeṭʕā} of white sugar {syc tmr myz} into a cup {kāsā} full of {#5} water, you see the piece that goes down to the depth {ʕumqā} (=bottom).”

#5 mlë = pass. pt. of √mly: Passive with Object (N §291). Examples: ܡܠܶܐ ܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܫܐ (Lk4:1), ܡܰܠ̈ܝܳܢ ܚܘܒ̊ܐ “they (f.) are full of love {ḥubbā}” (1Pe1:22).

ܒܪܰܡ ܐܶܢ ܡܚܰܠܶܛ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܠܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ، ܠܐ ܥܘܕ ܡܶܬܚܙܶܐ ܫܰܟܰܪ. ܠܰܐܝܟܐ ܐܶܙܰܠ؟
But {bram} if you mix {ḥlṭ D syc} the water with a spoon {tarwāḏā syc tmr}, the sugar is not now {ʕṓḏ, enclitic} seen. Where did it go?

ʕṓḏ is not found in Peshitta, but OS has it, e.g. Lk16:11 (OS-C/S) and Lk23:3 (OS-S). CAL says In early Syriac [this word was] used where later texts would regularly use ܕܝܢ.

2017-05-11

ܪܳܒ ܘܶܐܬܚܰܠܰܛ ܥܰܡ ܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܕܰܒܟܳܣܐ.
It melted {dwb} and was mixed with the water of the cup.
ܐܳܦܶܢ ܠܐ ܚܳܙܶܐ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܠܫܰܟܰܪ، ܒܪܰܡ ܡܰܪܓ̥ܶܫ [ܡܰܪܓܶܫ] ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܒܶܗ، ܟܰܕ ܛܳܥܶܡ ܐܰܢ̱ܬ ܩܰܠܝܠ ܡܶܢ ܡܰܝ̈ܳܐ ܗܳܢܘܢ.
Even if you do not see the sugar, you however are aware of it {rgš C +b-} when you taste {ṭʕm} a little from that water.

2017-05-12

ܗܳܟ̥ܘܳܬ̥ ܗܘ ܐܰܠܳܗܐ، ܐܳܦܶܢ ܠܐ ܚܳܙܶܝܢܰܢ ܠܶܗ ܡܶܛܽܠ ܕܪܘܚܐ ܐܝܬ̥ܰܘܗ̱ܝ̱، ܐܶܠܐ ܫܟܝ̣ܚ ܗ̱ܘ ܒܟܽܠ ܕܘܟ݁.
God is likewise {hāḵwāṯ adv.}: even though we do not see him because he is a spirit, he however is present in every place;
ܘܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܗܘ̈ܰܝܳܐ، ܕܰܥܒܰܕ ܐܶܢܘܢ ܡܶܢ ܠܐ ܡܶܕܶܡ، ܣܳܗܕܝܢ ܥܰܠ ܐܝܬ̥ܘܬ̥ܶܗ.
and these created things {hwayyā n.pl. (Jess.); CAL “essence”}, which he has made not from anything (=from nothing), testify {shd} about his existence.

2017-05-13

ܙܳܕܶܩ ܕܢܶܕܰܥ ܕܰܐܠܗܐ [ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ] ܫܟܝ̣ܚ ܗ̱ܘ ܒܟܽܠ ܕܘܟ݁ ܘܰܒܟܽܠ ܙܒܰܢ.
It is right that one should know that God is found in every place and in every time.
ܘܚܳܙܶܐ ܠܰܢ ܒܠܺܠܝܐ ܘܒܐܺܝܡܳܡܐ، ܘܫܳܡܰܥ ܟܽܠ ܡܐ ܕܐܳܡܪܝܢܰܢ ܐܶܢ ܒܓܶܠܝܐ ܐܰܘ ܒܟܶܣܝܐ ܀
And he is seeing us in the night {lḗlyā} and in the daytime, and he hears everything that we say (whether it be) openly or in hiding.

2017-05-14

ܦܰܢܐ

1 ܡܳܢܐ ܫܰܐܶܠ ܓܶܘܰܪܓܝ ܠܣܳܒܐ ܕܝܠܶܗ؟
ܫܰܐܶܠ ܠܗ: ܐܶܢܗܘ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ ܫܟܝܚܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܒܟܠ ܕܘܟ، ܠܡܳܢܐ ܗܳܟܝܠ ܠܐ ܚܳܙܶܝܢܰܢ ܠܗ؟
2 ܐܰܝܢܐ ܡܰܬ̥ܠܐ ܐܰܝܬܝ ܠܶܗ ܣܳܒܐ؟
What parable did the grandfather bring to him (=tell him)? {ʾaytī = C of ʾeṯā (N §174E), where the 1st rad. becomes Y, not W}
ܐܰܝܬܝ ܠܗ ܡܰܬܠܐ ܕܫܰܟܰܪ ܒܡܰܝ̈ܐ، ܐ̇ܡܪ ܕܶܐܢ ܣ̇ܐܡ ܐܢܬ ܩܶܛܥܐ ܕܫܰܟܰܪ ܚܶܘܳܪܐ ܒܓܰܘ ܟܳܣܐ ܡܠܶܐ ܡܰܝ̈ܐ، ܘܐܢ ܡܚܰܠܶܛ ܐܢܬ ܠܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ، ܟܶܢ ܐܳܦܶܢ ܐܝܬ ܒܗܘܢ ܫܰܟܰܪ، ܐܶܠܐ ܠܐ ܚ̇ܙܐ ܐܢܬ ܠܗ.
He brought to him a parable of sugar in water, saying that if you put a piece of white sugar in a cup full of water, and if you mix the water with a spoon, then even though the sugar is in the water, you do not see it.

2017-05-15

3 ܠܡܳܢܐ ܠܐ ܚܳܙܶܝܢܰܢ ܠܐܰܠܳܗܐ؟
ܡܶܛܠ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܛܳܒ ܪܰܒ.
4 ܐܰܝܟܰܢܐ ܝܳܕܥܝܢܰܢ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ ܫܟܝ̣ܚ ܒܟܽܠ ܕܘܟ݁؟
ܠܐ ܡܶܫܟܚܝܢ ܚܢܰܢ ܠܡܶܕܰܥ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ ܫܟܝܚ ܒܟܠ ܕܘܟ، ܡܛܠ ܕܛܳܒ ܙܥܘܪܝܢ ܚܢܢ.
5 ܐܰܕܟ̥ܰܪ [ܐܰܕܟܰܪ] ܡܶܕܶܡ ܡܶܢ ܒܶܪ̈ܝܳܬ̥ܳܐ ܕܰܐܠܳܗܐ؟
Mention {dkr C ʾaḏkar} something from (=one of) the Creation/world {beryāṯā} of God?
ܣܰܗܪܐ.

2017-05-16

ܗܰܒ ܣܘܟܳܠ

6 ܩܶܛܥܐ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ ܐܶܬܚܰܠܰܛ ܡܰܪܓ̥ܶܫ [ܡܰܪܓܶܫ] ܗܘ̈ܰܝܳܐ ܓܶܠܝܐ
ܐܰܝܟ: ܐܳܟ̥ܶܠ ܐ̱ܢܐ ܒܘܫܳܠܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ.
Ex. I eat stew with a spoon.
ܣ̇ܐܡ ܐܢܬ ܩܶܛܥܐ ܕܫܰܟܰܪ ܒܩܰܗܘܐ ܕܝܠܳܟ؟
Do you put a piece of sugar in your coffee?
ܐܳܟܠܐ ܐܢܐ ܕܶܒܫܐ ܒܝܰܕ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ.
I eat honey with a spoon.
ܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܓܰܘ ܟܳܣܐ ܐܶܬܚܰܠܰܛ ܒܝܰܕ ܬܰܪܘܳܕܐ.
The water in the cup was mixed with a spoon.
ܛܰܠܝܐ ܠܐ ܡܰܪܓܶܫ ܕܰܡܕܰܓܶܠ ܐܢܬ ܠܗ.
The boy is not aware that you are lying to him.
ܗܳܠܶܝܢ ܗ̈ܘܰܝܐ ܫܰܦܝܪܝܢ.
These beings are beautiful.
ܐ̣ܡܪ ܒܓܶܠܝܐ ܕܪ̇ܚܡܐ ܠܗ.
I said openly that I loved him.

2017-05-17

ܡܢܝ ܡܶܢ ܩܰܓܡܳܝܐ ܠܰܥܣܝܪܳܝܐ:

7 ܕܶܟ̥ܪܳܐܝܺܬ̥: ܐܰܝܟ: ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ، ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ، ܬܠܝܬ̥ܳܝܐ، ܘܫܰܪܟܐ......
ܩܰܕܡܳܝܐ، ܬܪܰܝܳܢܐ، ܬܠܝܬܳܝܐ، ܪܒܝܥܳܝܐ، ܚܡܝܫܳܝܐ، ܫܬܝܬܳܝܐ، ܫܒܝܥܳܝܐ، ܬܡܝܢܳܝܐ، ܬܫܝܥܳܝܐ، ܥܣܝܪܳܝܐ
8 ܢܶܩܒܳܐܒܺܬ̥ (sic) [ܢܶܩܒܳܐܺܝܬ̥]: ܐܰܝܟ: ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܐ، ܬܪܰܝܳܢܝܬ̥ܐ، ܘܫܰܪܟܐ......
ܩܰܕܡܳܝܬܐ، ܬܪܰܝܳܢܝܬܐ، ܬܠܝܬܳܝܬܐ، ܪܒܝܥܳܝܬܐ، ܚܡܝܫܳܝܬܐ، ܫܬ̊ܝܬ̥ܳܝܬܐ، ܫܒܝܥܳܝܬܐ، ܬܡܝܢܳܝܬܐ، ܬܫܝܥܳܝܬܐ، ܥܣܝܪܳܝܬܐ

The fem. form of “sixth” looks a little strange with three Ts, but this is attested in P Ex 26:9 — ܝܳܪܝܥܬ̊ܐ ܫܬ̊ܝܬ̥ܳܝܬܐ “the sixth curtain”: ES ܝܵܪܝܼܥܬ݂ܵܐ ܫܬ݁ܝܼܬ݂ܵܝܬܵܐ with a soft T (yārīʕṯā); P Lv 25:21 ܒܫܰܢ̱ܬܐ ܫܬܝܬܝܬܐ “in the sixth year”; P Ez 8:1 (Peshitta Ezekiel); 1Esdras(3 Ezra) 7:4, 7:5; etc.

Clef §§535-538, Alan Lv4 L11.

2017-06-28 However, given that in WS “sixteen” is ܫܬܬ̥ܰܥܣܰܪ (N §148; Ac12:4 P-UK), “sixth” might be ܫܬ̥ܝܬ̥ܳܝܐ, etc. (Cf. N §20)

2017-07-01 Right! N §153 does say: WS ܫܬ̥ܺܝܬܴܝܳܐ

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