ܚܶܛܬܳܐ (ḥeṭṭəṯō) f. “(a grain of) wheat” — pl. ܚ̈ܶܛܶܐ (ḥeṭṭē) “grains of wheat”
ܐܰܪܥܳܐ (ʾarʿō) f. “the earth, land, ground”
Wheelock 26 (Reading)
2013-07-15
The Nations of Gaul
Map = Gaul before the Gallic Wars (58 – ca. 51 BC).
The area was conquered by the Roman Republic (later, Roman Empire), and then conquered by the Franks in 486.
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (aka Bellum Gallicum) was published in ca. 50–40 BC.
Note that the area inhibited by the Belgae was much larger than today’s Belgium, including northern France, Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, and western Germany.
Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam quī ipsōrum linguā Celtae, nostrā Gallī appellantur.
The whole Gaul has been divided into three parts, of which the Belgae inhabit one, the Aquitani [inhabit] another, and those who are called Celts in their own language, [or] Gauls in ours, [inhabit] the third.
Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt.
All of these [three] are different among themselves in language, customs (īnstitūtum, n.), and laws.
Gallōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen, ā Belgīs Matrona et Sequana dīvidit.
The Garonne river separates the Gauls from the Aquitani,
and the Marne and the Seine [separate the Gauls] from the Belgae.
Gallī, Gallōrum, “Gauls”
Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae.
Of these all [men], the Belgae are the most powerful.
Haec sunt, amīce iūcundissime, quae vītam faciunt beātiōrem: rēs nōn facta labōre sed ā patre relicta, ager fēlīx, parvum forī et satis ōtiī, mēns aequa, vīrēs et corpus sānum, sapientia, amīcī vērī, sine arte mēnsa, nox nōn ebria sed solūta cūrīs, nōn trīstis torus et tamen pudīcus, somnus facilis.
These are, O most pleasant friend, what makes life happier: property not made by labor but left by [your] father, a happy farm, little of the forum and a lot of leisure, calm mind, strength and a healthy body, wisdom, true friends, modest dining, a night not drunken but free from worries, a bed not sad and nevertheless chaste, agreeable sleep.
Dēsīderā tantum quod habēs, cupe nihil; nōlī timēre ultimum diem aut spērāre.
Want only what you have, wish nothing; do not fear nor hope for your last day.
The origin of tarnāḡlā is Sumerian/Akkadian; He. תַּרְנְגוֹל (tarnĕḡōl).
ܗܐ ܬܰܪܢܳܓ̥ܠܐ ܪܰܒܐ.
Look, (it is) a big rooster.
ܬܰܪܢܳܓ̥ܠܐ ܪܰܒ ܡܶܢ ܝܰܘܢܐ.
A rooster is bigger than a dove.
raḇ vs. rabbō — While both mean “big, great”, so far Qarahbaš uses raḇ when he means “bigger”. Cf. rabbi
[2013-08-04: That is because “is bigger” is predicative, and should be in the Abs. St.]
ܩܪܐ (qrō) or
ܩܪܝ (qrī), “to call, proclaim; to crow; to read, recite, study”
ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܩܳܠܐ ܪܳܡܐ.
He has a loud voice.
ܩܳܠܐ (qōlō) m. “voice, sound”
ܪܳܡ (rōm),
ܪܳܡܳܐ (rōmō), “high, exalted, proud”
ܬܰܪܢܳܓ̥ܠܐ ܥܳܡܰܪ ܒܓ̥ܰܘ ܩܶܢܐ.
The rooster lives in the nest.
ܥܡܰܪ (ʿmar) “to inhabit (a place)”
— act. part. ܥܳܡܰܪ (ʿōmar)
— A guttural (h, ḥ, ʿ) or r as 3rd radical
changes ĕ into ă when closing a syllable (Nöld. §54, §170).
ܫܠܶܡ (šlem) “to come to an end”
— Paelܫܰܠܶܡ (šallem) “finish”
— imper. ܫܰܠܶܡ [same as 3m sg]
ܦܶܬܓܳܡ (peṯḡōm)
or
ܦܶܬܓܳܡܐ (peṯḡōmō)
“word, phrase”
— pl. ܦܶܬܓܳܡ̈ܝܺܢ (peṯḡōmīn),
ܦܶܬܓܳܡ̈ܶܐ (peṯḡōmē)
— He. פִּתְגָם (piṯḡām)† “edict, word”
— Cf. Pers. پیغام (peyḡām)‡ “message”;
Gr. φθέγμα “voice, word” [this may be coincidental]
2015-12-29 † This “g” (Gimĕl) seems usually soft also in Hebrew.
‡ [pejɢɒ(ː)m] in Iranian Persian, [pejɣɒ(ː)m] [pajɣɒ(ː)m] or [pæjɣɒ(ː)m] in Dari. (See 2016-11-17)
5 ܡܰܬ̥ܰܝ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܙܥܘ.....
ܡܰܬ̥ܰܝ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ.
Matthew is a young boy.
6 ܗܘ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܟܬܳ.....
ܗܘ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܟܬ̥ܳܒ̈ܐ.
He has books.
7 ܗܘ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܚܰܕ ܩܰܢـ.....
ܗܘ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܐܳܦ ܚܰܕ ܩܰܢܝܐ.
He also has one pen.
8 ܗܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪ......
ܗܐ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ.
Look, he is sitting, reading [his] lesson.
9 ܢܺܚܶܐ ܡܰܬ̥ܰܝ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܛܳـ.....
ܢܺܚܶܐ ܡܰܬ̥ܰܝ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܛܳܒܐ.
Long live Matthew, the good boy.
For writing — ܠܰܟܬ̥ܝܒܬܐ
10 ܗܐ ܡܰܬ̥ܰܝ ܝܳܬ̥ܶܒ ܩܳܪܶܐ ܗܶܪܓܐ.
Look, Matthew is sitting, reading [his] lesson.
This concludes Lesson 11, and I have finished the first half of the volume. Only 10 more lessons to go. Yay.
12. Multī putant rēs bellicās graviōrēs esse quam rēs urbānās; sed haec sententia mūtanda est, nam multae rēs urbānae sunt graviōrēs clāriōrēsque quam bellicae.
Many people think that military matters are more important than civil matters; but this feeling/opinion should be changed, for many civil things are more important and more illustrious than military things.
gravis, grave — gravior, gravius; graviōris
urbānus, “of the city, urban”
mūtō — mūtandus, fut. pass. part.
clārus — clārior, clārius; clāriōris
13. Invītātus ad cēnam, manū sinistrā lintea neglegentiōrum sustulistī. Hoc salsum esse putās? Rēs sordidissima est! Itaque mihi linteum remitte.
Invited to dinner, you took away the napkins of rather absent-minded people with your left hand.
Do you think it is witty?
It is a very despicable thing!
And so send back the napkin to me.
invītō, invitāre, invītāvī, invītātum
cēna, f. “dinner”
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum, “raise, remove, take away”
“Certain men,” he says, “were once seeking power and wishing to overwhelm free men.”
quīdam, nom. sg. or nom. pl. (mas.)
3. Eōdem diē decem mīlia hostium ab duce fidēlissimō āversa ac pulsa sunt; multī mīlitēs vulnera recēperant et in agrīs iacēbant.
On the same day ten thousand of the enemy were turned away and driven away by the most (=very) loyal leader; many soldiers had received wounds and were lying in the fields.
Hīc alius magnus timor (Ō fābula misera!) animōs caecōs nostrōs terret.
Lāocoōn, sacerdōs Neptūnī fortūnā factus, ācrem taurum ad āram in lītore mactābat.
Tum geminī serpentēs potentēs, mare prementēs, ab īnsulā ad lītora currunt.
Iamque agrōs tenēbant et, oculīs igne ardentibus [ārdentibus], ōra linguīs sībilīs lambēbant.
Here another large fear (O miserable story!) terrifies our blind souls.
Laocoön, who had been made the priest of Neptune by fortune, was sacrificing an energetic ox to an alter on the shore.
Then strong twin serpents, pressing the sea hard, are running from the island to the shore.
And now they were holding the fields and, with their eyes burning with fire, they were licking their mouths with hissing tongues.
caecus, adj. “blind” Cf. c(a)ecum
āra, f. “alter”
¶ sacerdōs, nom. — predicative nominal
premō, premere, “press (hard)”
ārdeō, ārdēre, “burn” Cf. ardent
¶ ōs, ōres, n. “mouth”
Nōs omnēs fugimus; illī viā certā Lāocoonta fīliōsque eius petunt.
Prīmum parva corpora duōrum puerōrum capiunt et lacerant necantque dēvōrantque.
Tum patren fortem, ad fīliōs miserōs currentem, rapiunt et magnīs spīrīs tenent et superant.
Nec sē ā vulneribus dēfendere nec fugere potest, et ipse, ut taurus saucius ad āram, clāmōrēs horrendōs ad caelum tollit.
Eōdem tempore serpentēs fugiunt, petuntque perfugium in arce Minervae ācris.
We all are fleeing; in a definite way they are targeting Laocoön and his sons.
First they get the small bodies of the two boys, tear [them] to pieces, kill [them], and devour [them].
Then they seize the strong father, who is running to his poor sons, and hold [him] with their big coils and conquer [him].
He can not defend himself from [getting] wounds nor run away, and he himself, like a wounded ox to (at) the alter, raises horrible screams to the sky.
At the same time the serpents get away, and seek shelter in the citadel of the fierce Minerva.
petō, petere, “seek”
¶ via, f. “road, way”
¶ Lāocoonta (=Lāocoontem), Gk. acc. of Lāocoōn, Lāocoont-is. Λᾱοκόων
eōdem, neut. abl. sg. of īdem, “the same”
¶ perfugium, n. “shelter”
¶ arx, arcis, f. “citadel”
Quod Lāocoōn in equum Minervae hastam iēcerat, nōs putāvimus eum errāvisse et poenās dedisse;
vēritātem acerbam nescīvimus.
Portās patefacimus et admittimus istum equum in urbem;
atque puerī puellaeque—Ō patria, Ō dī magnī, Ō Trōia!—eum tangere gaudent.
Et quoque gaudēmus nōs miserī, quibus ille diēs fuit ultimus ac quibus numquam erit ūllum sōlācium.
Because Laocoön had thrown his spear into the horse of Minerva, we thought that he had made a mistake and he had paid the penalty;
we did not know the harsh truth.
We open the gates and admit that (darn) horse into our city;
and so boys and girls—O fatherland, O great gods, O Troia!—rejoice to touch him.
And also we—the miserable ones—rejoice, for whom that day was the last (day) and for whom never will be any comfort.
A young person hopes that he will live long; an old [person] can say that he has lived long.
adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m/f.
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum.
senex, senis, adj.
16. Āiunt enim multum legendum esse, nōn multa.
Indeed they say that much should be read, not many things.
OR: The important thing is, not to read many books, but to read much (=deeply) [when you do read a book].
OR: You should read well, not many.
8. Dux, ad senātum missus, imperium accēpit et imperātor factus est.
The leader, having been sent to the senate, took command and was made general.
accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum.
imperātor, imperātōris, m. “general”
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum.
Dux imperātor factus est. (The leader was made general.)
—
The predicative nominal imperātor is used in nom., just like Dux,
even though it is an object of the verb factus est.
In a different context, a predicative nominal may be used in acc. as in SA 8:
eum factum esse dictātōrem. ([declared] that he was made dictator.) — in this case, dictātōrem is in acc. just like eum.
Perhaps a predicative nominal takes the same case as its “subject”.
9. Rēs pūblica, ut āit, libellīs huius modī tollī potest.
The republic, just as he says, can be destroyed by the little books of this sort.
libellus, m. “little book”
tollō, tollere, “raise, lift up, take away, remove, destroy”
10. Aliquī negant hostēs victōs servitūte umquam opprimendōs esse.
Some men deny (=do not think) that conquered enemies should ever be oppressed by slavery.
(Some men say that conquered enemies should never be oppressed by slavery.)
— What’s the name of this boy?
— The name of this boy is Gayo.
5 ܐܰܝܟܐ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܓܰܐܝܐ ؟
ܓܰܐܝܐ ܩܳܐܶܡ ܒܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ.
— Where is Gayo?
— Gayo is in the garden.
6 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܥܰܡܶܗ ؟
ܘܰܪ̈ܕܐ.
— What is (are) there with him?
— Roses.
7 ܟܡܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ ܗܳܕܶܐ ؟
ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܳܗ̇ ܚܰܡܫܐ ܐܝܠܳܢ̈ܐ.
— How many trees does this garden have in it?
— There are five trees in it.
8 ܡܢܝ ܡܶܢ ܚܰܕ ܠܚܰܡܫܐ.
ܚܰܕ، ܬܪܶܝܢ، ܬܠܳܬ̥ܐ، ܐܰܪܒܥܐ، ܚܰܡܫܐ.
— Count from one to five.
— Ḥaḏ, Treyn, Tlōṯō, ʾArbʿō, Ḥamšō.
ܡܢܺܝ (mnī) = imperat. sg. m. of
ܡܢܳܐ (mnō), “count” [Peal transitive]
√MNY (Tertiae Yōḏ) — In the Perfect Peal a transitive form of pronunciation with ā in the 3rd sing. m. and an intransitive with ī are to be distinguished; but side by side with the latter form there appears and that widely, one with ā... In the Impt. Peal the transitive form in ī has almost completely supplanted the intransitive form in ai (Nöldeke §176)
Write this line once
9 ܘܰܪܕܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܠܶܗ ܪܝܚܐ ܒܰܣܝܡܐ.
This rose has a sweet smell.
Today’s words
Wheelock 25 PR
1. “Quisque,” inquit, “semper putat suās rēs esse magnās.”
“Each person,” he says, “always thinks that his own things (problems/plans) are important.”
5. Duce ferōcī Carthāginis expulsō, spēs fidēsque virōrum magnanimōrum rem pūblicam continēbunt.
The ferocious leader of Carthage having been expelled (OR: When the ferocious leader of C. has been expelled), hope and faith of brave men will hold the republic together.
There are five trees in it,
and there are also many flowers in it.
Suffixed personal pronouns 3sg are: -ēh (m) and -āh (-ōh) (f).
The feminine form -āh (-ōh) has a dot above the Hē (Alan 96, Nöld. 6 “almost without exception”).
Here, the feminine form is used because ܓܰܢܬ̥ܐ (ganṯō, “garden”) is obviously f. (ending in -ṯā/ṯō).
ܣܰܓܺܝ (saggī) “many” — still used adverbially.
ܗܰܒܳܒܳܐ (habbōḇō) m. “a flower”
— pl.
ܗܰܒܳܒܷ̈ܐ (habbōḇē)
ܒܣܶܡ (bsem) [Peal intr.] “to be fragrant”
—
pass. part.
ܒܰܣܺܝܡ (bassīm)
“made fragrant”
— Note that passive participles originally had a short ă after the first radical (Nöld. §110); this vowel is missing in the paradigm, but it does exist in these words.
—
[As adj.]
ܒܰܣܺܝܡܳܐ (bassīmō) m.,
ܒܰܣܺܝܡܬܳܐ (bassīmṯō) f.
— Verbal adj. sweet, fragrant; especially with
ܪܺܝܚܳܐ, [as in]
ܘܰܪܕܳܐ ܒܰܣܺܝܡ ܪܺܝܚܳܐthe sweet rose [Jessie 49]
2013-08-07: Notice that Šappīr is in the abs. st. and Bassīmā is in the emph. st. while both are masculine here.
Basically, a mas. adjective gets -ā when used attributively, and this kind of feels like -al- in Arabic.
Jessie
(IA)
Costaz
|
TUS;
Wiki;
Map,
2
|
Alan;
Qarahbaš,
1, 2;
Nöldeke, fem, de
|
L&S,
Elem
1 ܡܰܢ ܚܳܙܶܐ ܬܰܪܢܳܓ̥ܠܐ ؟
ܐܶܢܳܐ.
9 ܬܰܪܢܳܓ̥ܠܐ ܠܳܩܶܛ ܚܶܛ̈ܐ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܪܥܐ.
Map = Gaul before the Gallic Wars (58 – ca. 51 BC).
The area was conquered by the Roman Republic (later, Roman Empire), and then conquered by the Franks in 486.
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (aka Bellum Gallicum) was published in ca. 50–40 BC.
Note that the area inhibited by the Belgae was much larger than today’s Belgium, including northern France, Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, and western Germany.
1 ܐܰܝܟܰܐ ܗ̱ܘ ܓܰܐܝܐ ؟
ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܗܳܢܐ ܓܰܐܝܐ.
ʾīˈlānā
— He. אִילָן (ʾīlān)
